As regards the attitudes and acts expressive of A., these, as already stated, symbolised the feeling experienced, and varied therefore with the kinds and degrees of emotion indicated. Humility was naturally expressed by prostration, kneel-
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in^, or simply bending head or body ; sub- mission and reverence, by the folded hands and downcast eyes ; wonder and awe, by llie uplifted liaiids with palms turned outwards ; invocation and supplication, by hands and arms outstretched ; dependence and entreat}', by clasped hands or meeting palms. Among the Hebrews, standing was the more usual attitude in public prayer, as it is among the Jews to this day ; it indicates, per- haps, more a consciousness of the presence of other men and less self-abandonment than kneeling (cf. the Parable of the Pharisee and the Publican), which therefore was more appropriate to private devotion. Solomon, it is true, knelt at the dedi- cation of the temple (1 K 8", 2 Ch 6"). Ezra (Ezr 9*) and Daniel (Dn 6^°) likewise fell upon their knees ; and St. Paul knelt in prayer with the elders of Ephesus. In all these instances, however, the idea conveyed is rather that the spectators were overlookinj; or assisting at an act of private devotion, than that they were taking part in public or common praj-er. In one instance (2 S 7"*= 1 Ch 17") we read of sitting as an attitude of prayer; but this probably is a form of kneeling, the body being thrown back so as to rest upon the" heels, as in other cases (1 K 18") it was thrown forward until the head was placed between the knees. To fall at the feet of a person (irpoaKvmiini) was an act of extreme reverence, generally accompanying supplication (1 S 25^, 2 K e\ Est 8», Mt 28», ilk 5-"-', Lk 8", Jn ll^-). Pros- tration before a human patron or benefactor was an Oriental, not a Koman, custom, and hence St. Peter declined to receive it from Cornelius, in whom it indicated a misapprehension as to the quality of the ariostle. Of hands lifted to heaven we read in Is l"*, 1 Ti 2*. The consecration of love was denoted, as we liave seen, by the kiss. Moses and Joshua were commanded to remove their sandals (Ex 3', Jos 5"), because the presence of God made holy the ground on which they stood. In all tlie.se instances it is easy to discern now the outward act expressed, and, in expressing, tended to intensify in the heart of the worshipper the feeling with which it was associated. A. Stewart.
ADORNING (mod. adornment) occurs in 1 P 3' ' \Vhose a. let it not be that outward a. of plaiting the hair.' The latest use of a. as a subst. is in H. More's Seven Ch. (1609) : 'Her prankings and adomings' (Oxf. Diet.). J. Ha.stincjs.
ADRAMMELECH (ti'-ct;>i).— 1. A. and Anamme- lech, the gods of Sepharvaim to whom the colonists, brought to Samaria from Sepharvaim, burnt their children in the fire (2 K 17^'). Adrainmelech has been identilicil with a deity frequently mentioned in Assyrian records whose name is written ideographi- cally AN. liAlt. and AN. NIN. IB. This name has been conjecturally read 'Adar'; and if this con- jecture be right, ' Adar ' may be identified with 'Adranimclech' (i.e. 'Adar-prince' or ' Adar- Molech '). ' Adar ' is a name of Accadian origin, signifying 'Father of decision' (or judgment). 'Adar' was active in sending the waters of the Deluge. (Cf. Schrader, KA T', on 2 K 17").
2. (2 K I iF', Is 37**) mentioned with Sharezer as one of the murderers of Sennacherib. In Is (/.c.) and in all the versions of Kings (I.e.) the two murderers are described as the sons of Sennacherib, but the Kethibhoi Kings omits 'his sons.' A Babylonian chronicle, referring to the murder, siiys simjily, ' On the twentieth of the month Tcbet, Sen- nacherib, king of Assyria, was killed by his son (rin<7.) in an insurrection.' (See E. Schrader, Keilin- tchriftliche BibliotheU, vol. ii. p. 281, and C. H. W. Johns in Expository Times, vol. vii. p. 238 f., and p. 360. W. E. Haunks.
ADRAMYTTIUM CASpoMiTTiov) was an ancient city of the country Mysia, in the Kom. province Asia, with a harbour, at the top of the gulf Sinus Adramyttenus. The pojiulation and the name were moved some distance inland during the Middle Ages to a site which is now called Edremid. It must have been a city of great importance when Pergamos was the capital of the kings of Asia j and hence, when Asia became a Kom. province, Adramyttium was selected as the metropolis of tlie N.W. district of Asia, where the assizes (conventus) of that whole district were held. Its ships made trading voyages along the coast? of Asia and as far as Syria (Ac 27") ; and a kind of ointment exported from the city was highly esteemed (Pliny, NJI xiii. 2. 5). Its importance as a trading centre is shown by its being one of the cities where cistophori, the great commercial coinage of the east, were struck be- tween 133 and 67 B.C. It suti'ered greatly during the Mitliridatic wars, and rather declined in im- portance ; but, even as late as the 3rd cent., under Caracalla, it still ranked sufficiently high to strike alliance coins with Ephesus (implying cer- tain reciprocal rights in respect of religious festi- vals and games). W. M. Kamsay.