William P. Dickson.
ADRIEL (SxTtv).— Son of Barzillai, a native of Abel-nieholah in the Jordan Valley, about 10 miles S. of Bethshean. He married Merab, the eldest daughter of Saul, who should have been given to David as the slayer of Goliath (1 S 18"). Michal (2 S 21^) is a aiistake for Merab.
J. F. Stennixo.
ADUEL ('AJoiTiX, Heb. Sunn, Syr. '^-uniiK), one of the ancestors of Tobit, To 1'. A variant form of Sk-ij,, 1 Ch 4*'. J. T. Marshall.
I ADULLAM (c^y), now 'td-'et-ma' 'Feast of natei,' or Id-'el-miyeh 'Feast of the hundred'
(see Cl'^nnont-Ganneau and Conder in PEF Men iii. 361-67: Conder, Tent Work, p. 276 f.; Smith, Geogr. p. 229), in the valley of Elah, is frequently referred to in the OT. It was a city of the Canaanites (Gn 38'), in the district allotted to the tribe of Judah after the conquest (Jos 12"). It was fortified by Rehoboara (2 Ch 11'), and ia mentioned later on by Micah (1"). After the Captivitj' it was re-peopled by the Jews (Neb 11^), and continued to be a place of importance under the Maccabees (2 Mac 12^).
The Cave of Adullam, famous through its associa- tion with the early history of David, has usually been supposed to have had no connexion with the city of that name, and has been located by tradi- tion, as well as by many travellers, in the Wady Khareitun, about six miles south-east of Bethlehem. The most recent authorities, however, are strongly of opinion that an entirely suitable site for it can be found in the Wcinity of the city, and that there is no reason for separating the two. Half- way between Shochoh and Keilah, and 10 miles northwest of Hebron, some caves have been found, the position of which suits all we are told about David's stronghold, and which are at once central and defensible. It may be regarded as practically settled that the Cave of Adullara was not far from where David had his encounter with Goliath.
AduUamite ('"^"iJ/ 'native of Adullam') is applied to Hirah, the friend of Judah (Gn 38'). At the time of the conquest Adullam was a royal city, and if it was so in Hirah's time, he was probably
king.
W. MuiB.
ADULTERY.— See Crimes, and Marriage.
ADUMMIM, The Ascent of (d-d-jn rh-^p). Jog 15' 18", forming part of the eastern boundary between Judah and Benjamin, is the steep pass in which the road ascends from Jericho to Jenialem. Its name, Tal'at ed-Dumm, is still the same — ' the ascent of blood ' or ' red,' and is most probably due to the red marl which is so distinctive a feature of the pass. In this pass, notorious for robberies and murders, is the traditional 'inn' of Lk 10**, and near by the Chastel Rouge or Citeme Rouge, built by the crusaders for protection of pilgrims from Jerusalem to the Jordan. A. HENDERSON.
ADVANTAGE. — This is one of our numerous mi^ spelt Eng. words. Itcomes fromaran<, 'before,' with the suffix age. Hence it has no connexion with Lat. prep, ad (though the misspelling is found as early as 1523), and the meaning is not simple profit, but superiority. In this sense it is found in Ro 3' ' What a. then hath the Jew ? ' and 2 Co 2", to which RV adds 2 Co V 12"-". In Job 35", Jude v." 'a.' should be 'profit.' And so the verb ' to advantage,' now obsolete, which is found in Lk 9*', 1 Co 15*" ' what advantageth it me t ' ia rightly turned into ' profit ' in RV.
J. HASTINag.
ADVENT.— See ParousiA-
ADVENTURE, now obs. asa verb, is found Dt 28" ' The tender and delicate woman among you which would not a. (intrans,= venture) to set the sole of her foot upon the ground for delicateness and tenderness ' ; Jg 9" ' For my father fought for you, and a'' (transit. = risked) his life': Ac 19^' 'desiring him that he would not a. himself (Sowoi (airrbv, 'give himself) into the theatre.' Of. Shaks. Two G. of Ver. III. i. 120—
*Le&nder would adventure it* ;
and for the intrans. use Bom. and Jul. V. UL 11—
' I am almost afraid to stand alone Here in the churchyard ; yet I will adTentni^.'
ADVKKSAKY
AFFLlCTiOX
4:
' At all adrenture ' occurs Wis 2^ ' we are bom at all a.' (airTo<rxeoiat, KV 'by mere chance') and " at all adventures,' Lv 2G" m ("if, in tlie usual phrase D-j np T|ijn). Cf. T. Wilson (ISJS) : 'which showte (shoot) ... at all aventures liittie niissie.'
J. Hastings.
ADVERSARY. — Besides the general sense of opponent, a. occurs with the special meaning of an opponent at law {imlSiKOi), Lk 12** ' When thou eoest with thine adversary to the magistrate ' ; Mt 6" Lk 18*. In the foil, passages it is used as the tr. of Heb. npi? Satdn, Nu 22*^, 1 S 29*, 2 S 19'^,
1 K 5« 11"- »■ ». Cf. 1 P 5» • your a. (Gr. di^lSiKot) •the devil.' See Satan. J. Hastings.
ADVERTISE, ' to give notice,' ' inform,' Nu 24" * I will a. thee what this people shall do to thy people in the latter days ' ; and Ru 4* ' I thought to a. thee' (RV 'disclose it unto thee'). In the last passage the Heb. is ' uncover the ear ' ([i-x n^j). See Ear. Advertisement, in the sense of precept, admonition, occurs in the beading of Sir 20.