ARBONAI CAppwyis, Jth 2«).— A torrent appar- ently near Cilicia. It cannot be represented by the modem Nahr Ibrahim, since the ancient name of that river was the Adonis ; nor does the latter answer to the term ' torrent ' {xtliuifipos) applied to the Arbonai. C. K. CONDER.
ARCH.— 1. 0/ the Temple. The word ■ arch ' is used in the plural ('arches') 14 times in Kzk 40. That neither 'arch' nor 'arches' has any ri^'lit to appear in the Eng. Bible at all, an examination of the Heb. word, of the versions, and of the context, will make clear. The Heb. word is according to the Mass. pointing otjVl< 'Hnmmim, which ia the plur. of a'^'V 'Hum ; the word is, however, only found with sutlixes, and as the text stands it is sing, not plur. ; it is the Ker6 or corrected reading that makes the word plural. Twice indeed (40"'-'") does the fern. plur. nte^K occur ; but Smend {Cumm. p. 326) suspects an error. (Cornill in V." reads c^i'it sing. ; v."" he rejects, following most Heb. MSS. ) In all the rcinaiiiing 12 places the written text makes it singular and not plural. The word occurs nowhere outside this cha]iter, and it is almost certainly either a HyiiDnyni of o^'m 'iilAm, porch, or a clerical error for this last word.
U2
ARCHANGEL
ARCHITECTURE
That the translators of the LXX had before them, in all the instances where either 2^'n or ^^'■■< is now found, one and the same Heb. word in the text, is suggested by the fact that these translators use but one Greek word, and that a mere translit. of 2^"!?, viz. aiAaji. Cornill in his amended text of Ezk reads =v "^i never 2^'"<, and trs. by Vorhalle (porcli). It should bo stated, however, that oi'\ou trs. the Heb. word 1? saph, 'threshold,' in Ezk 46', and ':':!? 'ayil, 'post,' in 40io»ie« and 41'. The Vulg. uses one word vestihiilum for U'lam and ' ulam. The Targ. also uses but one word, this being, however, «;'r'x ^ulamma\ not, as the LXX would lead us to expect, !<?!?'!? 'elamma\ It is certain that ^elam is used in the sense of 'ulam in Ezk 4(j3i. 31. M^ prob. also in 40'^- ^i, where the 'elam is said to be toward the outer court. The Doiiay Version, which follows the Vulg. more closely than the latter does the LXX, uses in all cases the Eng. word porch. In the mod. Gr. version, ffroa, porch, is the uniform rendering. In addition to Cornill, Smend, A. B. Davidson (see their Com- mentaries), Fried. Delitzsch {Prolegomena, p. 139), the Lexicons of Milhlau and Volck, Buhl, Oxford, and the majority of recent critics, accept the view that both Heb. words have but one meaning, viz. porch. What is intended by ' porch ' in this connexion see under Pokcu and Temple.
2. General. It is a debatable point whether the Israelites in OT times were acquainted with the arch as an architectural device, and whether they used it. There is no corresponding word in Hebrew ; but indeed few architectural terms are found in this language. Heb. is the language of poetry, of ethics, and of religion, and not of science or of art. See AKCUITECTUKE.
T. W. DAVIES.
ARCHANGEL.— See Angel.
ARCHELAUS.— See under HEEOD.
ARCHERY. — Though bows are mentioned with tolerable frequency in the OT, one is tempted to think that the Israelites were not distinguished above the surrounding nations by their skill in the use of this weapon. The battle of Gilboa was probably lost through the superiority of the Philis- tine archers. David, after the battle, endeavoured to encourage archery practice in Judah (2 S 1'*. Reject RV and compare Driver, yotes on Samuel, in loco). Elisha on his deathbed (2 K 13'^'^) promised Joash victory over Syria by the use of the bow. l'robal)ly the revival of Israel's military power under Jeroboam, son of Joash, was due to improve- ment in archery ; Hosea, a contemporary, speaks (1*) of the bow as the national weapon of Israel.
The most effective and scientific use of the bow, however, was that shown by the Assyrians. The terror caused by their archery is hinted at in Is 5-* and 3'^^. To judge from Assyr. reliefs, it seems to have been the practice of Assyr. armies to over- whelm their enemies with the bow, and to use the spear and sword only when the foe was already in flight. W. E. BARNES.
ARCHEVITES (x';:"!!?).— 'The people of Erech,' a town identified with the Bab. Uruk (modern War/ca), on the left bank of the Euphrates. It is mentioned in Gn 10i'>, between Babel and Accad, as the second city of importance iu Ximrod's kingdom ; and its name occurs, in the inscriptions, along with that of Accad, as one of the principal towns in N. Babylonia.
Some of the inhabitants of Erech were ' deported ' as colonists to Samaria by king Assurbanipal (668-620). Their name is mentioned in Ezr 4'^ along with dwellers in Babylon ; and the ' deporta-
•• rnriirinhl. 1S9S, hij
tion ' of Archevites most probably indicates that Erech sided with Babylon in tlie revolt of Samas- sum-ukin against the Assyr. king (cf. Ryle, Ezra and yehemiah). H. E. RYLE.
ARCHIPPUS. — Archippus is mentioned only twice in NT. The short letter sent by St. Patil to Philemon is addressed not only to Philemon and Apphia, but also to 'A., our fellow-soldier,' as well as to the church in Philemon's house (v.-). Tin- position here assigned to A., between the mention of Philemon and that of the church in his house, renders it highly probable that he was, if not a near relative (perhaps a son or brother), at any rate one belonging to the household circle. ' Fellow- soldier ' is doubtless applied to him (as to Epa- phroditus, Ph 2" ; cf. also Ph 4-', 2 Ti 2^) as enduring conflict in the service of the Church or the gospel, probably in some official position ; but what that position was, we have no means of knowing. Nor is much more light supplied by the other passage (Col 4") which speaks of his ' ministry (SiaKoviav) in the Lord.' The term SiuKOfia need not necessarily be taken in its technical sense of the otfice of deacon, or In that of bishop or presbyter or evangelist ; it may denote any service, but the adjunct tV Kupiw defines it as speciallj' undertaken for the Church by one ' living and acting in the Lord under the sense of holy obligation ' (Meyer). The form of the admoni- tion has been thought to imply some misgiving or doubt or censui'e, as though A. were still yoimg or subordinate, weak or too indulgent, or inclined to be remiss, and so in special need of warning or stimulus; but it need not convey more than that the ' service ' was a difficult one, in which he might well be strengthened by the encouragement of the Church acting on the apostle's me.ssage. The suggestion of Lightfoot, among others, that A. was a Laodicean teacher, on the ground that 4" is joined by Kai to the context In which the Laodicean Church is spoken of, seems improbable ; for, apart from other difficulties, why should St. Paul have taken tins roundabout way of reaching A. (if not himself a Colosslan) through a strange church, when he was almost simultaneously addressing him directly (Philem-)? There seems little historical basis for the tradition that A. was one of the 70 disciples, who became bishop of Laodicea and suffered martyrdom at Chonae.