These pilasters show by their shortness that a dado existed below them, and was an importjtnt feature in the building ; but no stonework of a dado has been preserved. A peculiar feature of Jewish design is the duplication of the doorway. In the rock tombs there is a general tendency to a double entrance ; sometimes only carried out in the porch, where a pillar will stand directly in front of the doorway. The same duplication is seen in the building at Tell Hesy in which the stone slabs were re-used, as above described : the object of the building is not known, l)ui on three sides, if not four, it had two doors. As these doors required to be .secured by locks or fastenings, the taste for double entrances must have been very strong. Such a duplication occurs both in Assyr. and Persian buildings, and belongs therefore to an established system.
Of other ornament the drafting of the walls was the most prominent, and is likewise known in Persia. The edges of the stones were dressed to a straight line with flat faces, while the middle of each external face was occupied by a projecting boss. This boss was sometimes left (piite rough — like the rusticated work of the Pitti palace ; but usually it was dressed flat, thus leaving the joint lines recessed half an inch to .3 inches from the main face of the wall, according to the scale of the work. The great stones of the temple substructure are the best known example of this work, but they are not certainly older than Herod. On a smaller scale this same work was found in the lower courses of a door of the fortress at Tell Hesy, which takes it back to the nuddle of the Jewish monaiihy ; and from the persistence of the type to the present day it appears to truly belong to tlio country.
Of the plans of buildings we know even less than of the decoration. The temple, as Fergusson has pointed out, was simply a doubling of the dimensions of the tabernacle, and we may carry the parallel further. The great tent pitched over the tabernacle sidi'S extended beyond them, and the covered space thus left around the tabernacle would doubtless be used for subsidiary purposes. This space was reproduced in the temple as a chain of chambers all round the sides, a construction which Wius not favourable to any grand treatment of the exterior. The plan, therefore, was ruled by its develupment from the previous .sacred )ilace. In the later temple of Ilejod the great porch was the jnost striking feature, and accords in t.i.ste with the enormous pmlieoes of the Herodian rock- tombs at .lernsalem, which are often much larger than the tomb inside the rock. Minor buildings of the age of the monarchy have been found in the only excavations yet made in a city, — those at 'I'ell Ilesy. One hnilding already mentioned was square, witli two doors on each side. Another — jjerhaps a barrack — was a long hall witl) two rows
14i
ARCTURUS
ARETAS
of columns from end ■ to end. Until further excavations may reveal more examples, we can glean but little about tlie usual arrangements of Jewish architecture.
W. M. Flindeus Petkie.
ARCTURUS. — A star of the first magnitude in the constellation Bootes or the Herdman. Arcturus is the rendering of AV for ^S, 'Ask, Job 9^, and >-":-: 'Ayish, Job'3832.
The identification of 'Ash, 'Ayish, has formed subject for wide conjecture. Versions : LXX "Eairfpiv in both places (agreeing with Pesh. in placing ■■^5"?, UKiLdSa, before ^% in 9^) ; Pesh.
]Za.lL 'lyijRthd of doubtful meaning, explained by Arabic Lexx. as Capella Aurig;e, but placed in Taurus; Vulg. 9' Arcturum (whence AV), 38-'- Vesperum ; Targ. 9^ transliterates, 38^2 ' the hen
with her chickens,' i.e. the Pleiades ; Sa'adya, v^jUj
(jijlj, i.e. Ursa Major. In the Talm. Berachoth
586, R. Yehuda explains 'Ash as npi' Yvtha, and later Talmudists interpret this as ' the tail of the Kam,' i.e. Pleiades, or 'the head of the Bull,' i.e. Aldebarau with the Hyades. Ibn Ezra, ' the Bear.' Among moderns there are two main explanations.
1. The great Bear or Wain; Ges., Del., RV, etc. With the Arabs the four stars of this group which form the quadrilateral are known as Na'sh ' the bier,' the three stars of the tail being ' the daughters of the bier,' a phrase which resembles that of Job 38»- ''Ayish with her children.' It is, however, impossible philologically to identify the root of Arab. Na'sh with Heb. 'Ash, and still more so with 'Ayish.
2. The Pleiades ; Stern in Geiger's Jiid. Zeitschr. iii. 258 ff. ; Hoffmann, ZATW. iii. 107 f. ; Noldeke. Stern points out that Job 38-"'* deals with weather phenomena, and that therefore the constellations mentioned vv.^'- ^- appear to be regarded as marking or intiuenclng the changes of the seasons. Shice the Bear is visible in the N. hemisphere throughout the year, it could scarcely be thought of as a season prognosticator. Thus Job 38'-" is rendered, 'Alcyone with her children,' i.e. the principal star of the Pleiades group with its companions, the other constellations mentioned being interpreted as the Hyades, Orion, and Canis Major with Sirius. We then have allusion to four groups regarded by the Greeks as signs of the seasons, and rising in close succession one upon another. The form 'Ayish is thought to be correct (so Dillmann) rather "than 'Ash, and Hoffmann vocalises 'AyyUsh, thus connecting with Pesh. 'lyyutha. C. F. BURNEV.