LiTERATORR.— Eoblnson, Fhy: Otog. qf Pal. 164-166 ; PEFSt (1896), 204, 216. G. W. THATCHER.
AROD (^^■lx).— A son of Gad (Nu 26") = Arodl (nr.^), Gn 46'*. Patronymic AroditeB (Nu 26").
AROER (ly^ia,). — 1. A city in the portion assigned to the tribe of Judah (1 S 30^), prob. in what is now the Wady Arftrah, 20 miles S. of Hebron and 12 miles to the S.E. of Beersheba. To the elders of this city David sent a share of the spoil taken from the Amalekites who had attacked Ziklag. 2. A well-known city on the N. bank of the Amon, generally described by its situation in order to dis- tinguish it from other cities of the same name (Dt 2" 3" 4«, Jos 122 139^ Jg ii'M 2 S 24"). It waspart of the region conquered by the Amorite king Sihon, and so, at the tune of Israel's attack, it lay to the N. of tlie Moabite territory. It was assigned to the tribe of Reuben, and formed the S. frontier city of that tribe. It is this Reubenite city that is named with the S. towns as having been built by the children of Gad before the definite settlement and distri- bution of the land (Nu .32"). When the Syrians under Hazael conquered all the trans-Jordanio district, Aroer is named as the S. limit (2 K 10*"). In later times the Moabites, from whom it had been taken first by the Amorites, regained possession of it from the Israelites (Jer 48"). Eusebius speaks of it as still standing in his day. 3. A town in the portion assigned to the tribe of Gad, in the valley of Gad, originally an Ammonite city (Jg 11'^), in the di-itrict watered by the Jabbok, east of Rabbah (Jos 13-''). The cities of Aroer, referred to in Is 17', are evidently the two trans-Jordanic cities of the Moabites and the Ammonites. Gentilic name Aroerite, 1 Ch 11". J. Macpherson.
AROM {'Apifi), 1 Eg 6".— His descendants are mentioned among those who returned with Zerub- babel. The name has no parallel in the lists of Ezr and Neh, unless it represents Hashum (B 'Aa^u, A 'Aaoin) in Ezr 2'». H. St. J. Thackbray.
ARPACHSHAD
ART
157
ARPACHSHAD (ip:r¥).— The third son of Shem, A. was the father of Shelah, and ^an J father of Eber, from whom the Hebrews traced their descent (Gn lij^-"* ll'"""). Gesenius regards the name as also desijjTiatinj' a people or region, and tliinks the con- jecture of Bochart not imjjrobable, that this is 'A/S^a- rax'Tt!, Arrapachitis, a region of Assyria near Ar- menia (Ptol. vi. 1), the native land of the Chald;i'ans. Jos. (Ant. I. vi. 4) says that from him the Chaldaains were called Arphaxadieans ['Ap<paiadalovs).
R. M. Boyd.
ARPAD (n?^¥)- — A city of Syria north-west of Aleppo, 2 K 18" 19'^ Is 10" 36" 37'», Jer 49^. Now the ruin Tell Erfiid. The city stood a two years' siege by Tiglath-pileser lu. C. R. Conder.
ARPHAXAD CAp^dJ).— 1. A king of the Medes (Jth l'"-). He reigned at Ecbatana, which he strongly fortified. Nebuchadrezzar, king of Assyria, made war upon him, defeated liini, and put him to death. Some nave identified A. with Deioces, the founder of Ecbatana, and others with his son Phraortes. But the former of these died in peace, and tlie latter fell while besieging Nineveh. The narrative in Judith would accord better with the supposition that he was Astyages or Ahasuerus, the last kin<j of the Medes according to Herodotus. 2. The spelling of Arpachshad in AV, and at Lk 3" by RV also. See Arpachshad.
R. M. Boyd.
ARRAY (formed by prefixing ar to the subst. 'oi, rui, order, arrangement) is common in AV for the arrangement or order of an army in battle, always in the phrase ' set in a.' or ' put in a.' (But RV gives once 'order the battle a.' 1 Ch 12^.) The subst. is also used once for dress, i.e. garments arranged in order on the person, instead of the common word raiment ( = arrayment), 1 Ti 2" ' not with braided hair, or gold, or pearls, or costly a.' {l/MiTicrfws, RV 'raiment'). And in this sense the verb is frequent, as Gn 41" ' a'^ him in vestures of fine linen ' (Heb. paS, as always, except Jer 43" .iBV) ; Mt ti'-^ ' Solomon in all his glory wai not a"* like one of these' (irepi/3d\Xu, so Lk 12-'' 23"; bat Miu, Ac 12''" 'Herod, a'-" in royal apparel '). ' Array ' does not mean in tlie Bible, as it does now, 'to dress up with display,' but simply to put on raiment, to dress. J. Hastings.
ARROGANCY. — Arrogance, though quite as old as arrogancy (l>oth being forms of arrognntia, the assertion of more tlian one has a right to), is not used in AV, but RV ''ivea it at Job 35" (»;, the only occurrence of the lleb. word, AV 'extremity'). Arrogancy is found in AV 1 S 2», Pr 8", Is 13", Jer 48» ; RV retains these, and adds 2 K 19*", Is 16' Zl'^, Wis 5', giving also arrogant, Ps 5° 73' 75* (for ' fool- bh ' or ' fool of AV), and arrogantly, Ps 75* 94*.
J. Hastings.
ARROW d'n).— The arrow of the Hebrews was probably like that of other early nations in con- sisting of a light shaft with a head of flint or metal. Owing to the suddenness with which the arrow inllicteu wounds, and to the fact that such woonds often came from an unseen liand, the arrow was nsed as a symbol of the judgments of God. Job, in his sicknes.'t, complains that he is struck by the poi.soned arrows of the Almighty (.lob 6'). God overthrows the mischievous plotters by wound- ing them suddenly with an arrow (Ps 64').