Artaxerxes was the third son of Xerxes, and after the assassination of his father made his way to the throne by crushing the Baetrians under his brother Hystaspes, and murdering another brother, Darius. In b.c 46U Egypt revolted ; but in spite of the assistance rendered by Athens to the rebels, the revolt was suppressed in B.C. 455. In B.C. 449 the war with Greece was ended by a treaty, known as that of Kallias, by which Athens gave up Cyprus, and Persia renounced her claims to the Gr. cities of Asia Minor. Not Ion" afterwards Megabyzos the satrap of Syria revolted, and compelled the Persian king to agree to his own terms of peace. Artaxerxes was succeeded by his son Xerxes II.
A. H. Savce.
ARTEMAS. — A trusted companion of St. Paul, H the later part of his life (Tit 3'-). According to Dorotheus {Jiibl. Maxima, Lugd. 1677, iii. p. 429) he had been one of the 70 disciples, and was after- wards bishop of Lystra, but there is no extant evidence to support either statement. An Artemas is honoured in the Greek Meniea for April 28, but apparently he is not the same.
AlthouL'h Jerome {de num. Hebrnicis) treats the name as Hebrew,and explains it as 'anatheraatizans sive conturbans,' it is undoubtedly Greek, formed from 'ApTf/us (cf. 'Kpfias, 'OXvfiTat, ZtivS.!, 'E7ra0pas), perhaps by contraction from Arteniidorus, a name common in Asia Minor. W. Lock.
ARTILLERY (1 S 20" AV, 'weapons' RV).— A general word, including in its meaning both bows and arrows. The word still survives in the name of the Honourable Artillery Comjjany of London, which was originally a guild or club of archers.
In 1 Mac ()" ' artillery ' (' mounds to shoot from,' RV) is the tr. of lie\o<;Tda(it, ' ranges of warlike engines ' set against a besieged city.
W. E. Barnes.
ARUBBOTH (ri^iyn), 1 K 4"' only.— A district, apparentlvin the south of Judah, near IIe|ihcrand Socoh. The Negeb plains are perhaps intended.
C. R. CONDKR.
ARUMAH (iTnij), Jg 9*'.— The refuge of Abime- lech when driven out of Slice liciii, su]i|)Osed to be the ruin El '(Jrmch, on the liills S. E. of Shechcni. In the Onovutsticon (s.v. Huma) it is placed at Remphis, in the region of Diospolis (Lyd<la), which was ' by many called Arimatha'a.' The village RentU seems to be meant, near Ranlieh. See SWP T(J. ii. sheets xii. and xiv.
C. R. CONIIKK.
ARVAD, ARYADITES (t-in, -ii-ik), northernmost city of the Canaanites, and race inliabiting'it (Gn W'. 1 Ch 1"). The city was built on an island.
An-ad or Aradus, now Rinvail, od" tlie .Syrian coast, about 2 miles from the mainland, 'A or 4 miles north-east of Tripolis, scarcely a mile in circum- ference, on which hou.ses were built close together and very high, so as to accommodate a large popu- lation in a small space. On the mainland opposite, at some distance from the coast, lav the town of Antarados. According to Strabo, fugitives from Sidon settled there and built the city in B.C. 761, but these can only have dispossessed or reinforced older inhabitants, probably like those of Sidon from around the Persian Gulf, under whom it had already risen to a position of some importance. As far back as about B.C. 1100, we find Tiglath- pileser I. speaking of sailing into the great sea in ships of A. (Schrader, COT- \. 173). In Ezk 27»- " the men of A. are mentioned along with those of Sidon as supplying mariners and warriors to TjTe in the time of her glory. In B.C. 138 the Phccn. town Aradus was one of those named in a circular from the Roman Senate as containing a large Jewish population, towards whom the kings of Egvpt, Syria, etc. (to whom the despatch is addressed), are enjoined to show favour (1 Mac 15'»-^. See Schiirer, HJP II. u. 221 ).
J. Macpherson. ARZA (Nr!¥)- — Prefect of the palace at Tirzah, in whose house king Elah was assassinated by Zimri at a carouse (1 K 16^). C. F. Burney.
ARZARETH (2 Es 13").— A region beyond the river from which the ten tribes are to return. It has been supposed to represent the Heb. mnn jnn (Dt 19^), and became the subject of many later Jewish legends concerning the Sabbatic River beyond which the lost tribes were to be found — variously identified with the Oxus and the Ganges. The true site of the Sabbatic River is, however, in Syria, north-east of Tripoli, the present Nahr es Sebta. Northern SjTia appears to be called the Land of Akharri or ' westerns ' in cuneiform texts. C. R. Conder.
AS. — There are some obs. n.ses of this conj., but they are mostly quite intelligible. 1. As concern- ing occurs Lv .r-«, 1 Ch 26^', Ac 28-^ Ro 9» 1 1'^, 1 Co 8', 2 Co 11-', Ph 4'° ; and as concerning (h/it, Ac 13** 'as c. that he raised him up from the dead' (Gr. simply fin) ; as pertaining, Ro 4', He 9" ; as touch- ing, Gn 27", 1 S 2u=s, 2 K 22'», Mt 18'»22", Mk 12-«, Ac 5^» 21», Ro 11», 1 Co 8' 16", 2 Co 9', Ph 3»,
1 Th 4», 2 Es 15*. In these phrases (the Gr. is generally a simple prep, ^vl, Kard, and esp. irepl) the as is now dropped. So in whenas. Sir I'rol. i. ' whenas thereiore the first Jesus died,' Sir 33',