iv. Breaking bread was part of the funeral feast among the Jews, as among other nations (.ler It)' RV, Ezk 24", Hos 9^). Thus tlie funeral feast for Abner was kept at Hebron (2 S 3"). The funeral feast is also mentioned in the apocr. Ep. of Jer (Bar 6") ; and Tobit bids his son to ' pour out his b. on the burial of the just' (4"). For the Egyp. funeral feasts see Budge, The Mummy, p. 172 ; for other references see Garmannus, de Pane Liigcntium, Ugoliui, xxxiii. Sometimes coarse barley bread was used in these feasts, ' non pro deliciis apponitur sed tantum ut servilis fames relevetur (Petrus Cellensis, Liber de Panibus, Migne, ccii. 917).
v. Bread formed part of certain offerings, as the Pentecostal loaves, and the peace- and trespass- ofl'erings, in which form it is called the b. of their God (Lv 21"). Most of this was eaten by the priests after being ottered (Lv 21"- "'). The special D.-ofl'ering was the pile of shewbread (b. of the presence, CJ? on^, iproi r^s irpoO^aeus, Ex 25*" 35", 1 S 21", 1 K 7")',' which was placed on a pure table of acacia wood in the Holy Place of the tabernacle, with frankincense (cf. Jos. Ant. III. x. 7 ; Schiirer, BJP II. i. 235 f.). Twelve of these cakes, each made of J of a peck of flour, were placed in two piles, six in each pile, every Sabbath morning, ' on behalf of the children of Isr.ael ' ; the old cakes being eaten by the priests in a sacred place, when the new cakes were brought in ; and the frank- incense was burned when the cakes were changed (Lv 24°- '). The duty of making these was laid on the sons of Koliatli (1 Ch 9^-'). The table was covered with a blue cloth, and had on it certain dishes on which the cakes were set in order (Nu 4'). In the temple this table was overlaid with gold (1 K 7«»). In 2Ch4"tables in the plural are mentioned. It was this holy b. which Ahime- lech gave to David, contrary to the law (1 S21', Mt 12^). Probably the allowances, afterwards so liberally provided for the priests in the Priestly
BREASTPLATE
HIGH PKIEST'S BREASTPLATE 319
Code, were, during the troubled times of Saul, scanty, erratic, and often omitted; contrast the liberal temple allowance by Kamses III. in the Harris papyrus, UP vi. When the sliewbread was reinstituted by Neh., a poll-tax of J shekel was laid on the Jews (Neh 10", Mt 17"). In the corrupt days of the kingdom the table had become polluted, and it and its vessels were cleansed in the days of Hezekiah (2 Ch 29", Ezk 44') ; but in later days they were equally careless (Mai 1'). For further particulars and pictures see Abraham ben David, De Templo, Ugohni's Thesaurus, ix. p. 298, and the references ; Otho's Lex. Talmud, sub voce, p. 49G.
vi. The word Bread is used metaphorically : (a) As expressing the perquisites of an office (Neh 9"). (b) Tlie legitimate spoil of-contjuest (Nu 14"). (c) Those who do not earn their liveli- hood are said to eat the bread of idleness (Pr 31"). (d) The profit of sinful courses is called the 6. of wickedness ( Pr 4") ; and the short-lived advantages
fained by falsehood are called 6. of deceit (Pr 2U"). ecret sin is compared to 'b. eaten in secret' (Pr 9"). (e) Suffenng and sorrow are called eating the b. of adversity (Is 30*'), or of affliction (Dt 1G^ 1 K 22", 2 Ch IS*"), or of tears (Ps 80»). Sorrow Is also expressed as eating ashes as bread (Ps 102'). Lttbratttrb. — Besides the several works referred to in the text, further information will be found in Kitto, Cyclopaedia ; Paulsen, twm Acktrbau d. Storgenlands ; Thomson, Land aitd Book ; Vogclstein, I>u Landwirth«ckajt in FaUistina zur Heit dtr Mithudh, Berlin, 1894 ; lievuf det Ktude9 Juives, xjtii. 58 ; Voigt, Rhfiiiiich. iltu. 1876, 107. See also the Travels of Niebuhr, Wcllsted. Burckhardt, and Doughty. The ancient literature will he found summarised in the articles of Ugolini, Bchott^ea, and Goetz, in vol. xxix. of the Thf^aurus. Varro aixl Gate, <U re rustic^, may also be consulted with advantage.
A. Macalister. BREASTPLATE 1. [yn hoshen, a plate worn as
Sart of the high priest's dress (.see next art.). , [pp shirynn, dwpa(. Both the Heb. and Gr. Woros probably described a cuirass rather than a ■imple Dreastplate. Such a cuirass as worn by the Greeks protected the back as well as the breast and etomach. In addition, it often gave protection to the neck and to the hips. It was well suited to gnpgest the many-sidedness of 'righteousness' (Is 69" = Eph 6'*). Another form of the word, shiryon, IB usually rendered 'coat of mail.' The phrase 'coat of mail of righteousness' is awkward, but it is more accurate than ' breastplate of righteous- ness' in both places cited above. In 1 Th 5' faith and love form the dupa(, perhaps with a hint at the two parts, front and back, of which it was usually made. The Rom. lorica ( = dtiipa() was of various kinds. It was sometimes {a) a simple jacket of leather reaching to the middle of the thighs with double thickness at the shoulders, or (6) an arrangement of iron or brass rings which could be worn over a leathern jacket, or (c) a vest made of small metal plates overlapping one another, or, lastly, (rf) when called segment'ita it consisted of two broad pieces for the back and breast respectively, of five or six bands fastened on to the ' breastplate ' and ' back-plate ' and ruiiniiig round the lower part of the body, and, lastl5', of four such bands over each shoulder. The 'segtncnts' are stated to have been of leather ; and the fact that no broad plates of iron have been found among the many remains of Horn, armour which have been bro\ig1it to light, is against the modern theory that the lorica sci/nientatn was of iron. See also I'olybius ' l'' quoted under AHMOUR.