2. When a person or tiling' is taken out of the fluctuating multitude and hxed in the mind, it need not be further specified, and so becomes in- definite, as in the common phrases ' a certain man,' etc. (Heb. e-in, i?-x, or iij.x, Gr. tis mostly, also iyepwToi, Mt 18-» 21" 22% and ds). Thus we have, Ac 8" ' a c. water ' ; S' ' a c. part ' ; Lk 23'" ' a c. sedition' ; 2 Ch 18' 'after c. years' ; Ezr 10" 'c. chiefs of the fathers' (RV 'c. heads of fathers' houses') ; and Dn 8'" ' I heard one saint speaking, and another saint said unto that c. saint which spake,' where we see the word changing from its definite to its indefinite use. 'Certain' in this sense is free], used alone, where we now use the eaguer ' sonu;,' as Nu IG' ' c. of the children of Israel ' ; 1 Ch 19" ' there went c. and told David ' ; Lk 8" ' it was told him by c. which said ' ; 18* 'unto c. which trusted in themselves.'
Certainly. 1 S 20^ ' Thy father certainly know- eth that I have found grace in thine eyes, not ' it is certain that thy father knoweth,' but 'thy father knoweth for a certainty' (Hub. VX n-, RV 'knoweth well'); so 20», Gn 43', .Jer 13'- 40'^ 42"'- ^. Same He>.. in Jos 23" ' know for a certainty ' ; 1 K 5^ ' know for certain ' ; 2^- ' know for a certain ' ; Ji^r 26'° ' know ye for certain.'
Certainty is used in the obsol. sense of 'the fact,' or ' acdial circumstances,' in Lk 1* ' that thou mightest know the c. of those things' {aacfiiXfia) ; Ac 21" 22* (ri dff^aX^s). Cf. Shaks. Mam. IV. v. 140—
• If yon desire to know the certainty Of your dear father's death.'
J. Hastings.
CERTIFY, in AV, means not ' to make certain ' or 'a.ssure,' but simply 'to make to know,' 'tell.' In OT it occurs (1) Ezr 4" '« 5" T'* (ynin) ; (2) 2 S 15-* (Tjn); (3) Est 2^ (VK, RV 'tell'). In Apocr. Wis 18' [rpoytfuirKtii), Ep. Jer' (ofayYAXui), liar (deiKrva), 1 Mac 11-" (airar/'AXw), 2 Mac l'» {Siacraifiiu), 2 Mac U»(f/S4Tes). In NT Gal 1" ' I certify you' {yvu,- Mw, RV ' I make known to you '). Cf. Vs ,39» Pr. Bk. ' Lonl, let me know mine end, and the number of my days, that I may be certified how long I have to live' (AV 'that I may know how frail I am,' RV ' Let me know how frail I am ') ; 19- Pr. Bk. ' One day telleth another, and one night certi- fieth another.' J. Hastings.
CHABRIS (Xa^pWt).— One of the three rulers of Bethulia, Jth G'" 8"> 10".
CHADIASAI (U ol XaStdaai, A Xaidaat, AV they
of Chadias), 1 Es 5^.— They are mentioned with the Ammidioi as returning, to the number of 422, with Zerub. There are no corresponding names in the lists of Ezra and Neh. Fritzsche [Exeg. Handb. in loc.) identifies them with the iieople of Kedesh in Judah (Jos 15==*). H. St. J. Thackeray.
CH.ffiREAS (Xaip^aj, AV Chereas) was brother of Timotheus, the leader of the Ammonites, and held command at the fortress of Gazara, i.e. prob- ably Jazcr in the trans-Jordanic territoi-y (see 1 ilac b'^'"). Chajreas was slain upon the capture of Gazara by Judas Maccabseus (2 Mac lO^^-").
H. A. White.
CHAFE. — To c. is to make warm (Lat. cale- facere, late Lat. ca/iifdrc, old Fr. ehaufer) ; next to make warm by friition ; tlien (as with 'friction' itself) to irritate. In 2 S 17» only (AV, RV) ' tliey be chafed in their minds, as a bear robbed of her whelps in the field ' (csj "i? ' bitter of soul '). Cf. —
•Calmnesse is great advantage ; \w that leta Another cliafe, may wami hin, at liis fire, Mark all his waiuirinj^'s, and rnjoy his frets.'
Q. Herbert, TempCe (' Ciiurch Porch," lill.}
J. Hastings. CHAFF — The AV renders by this term four Heb. words. 1, v-f^ hdshnsh. This word occurs but twice in OT, Is 5" 33", where it is rendered A V ' chaff. ' It would be better rendered ' cut grass ' or ' dry grass ' (as Is 5" RV). 2. po or p mvz. This is chad' separated from the gram bj' w innow- ing. It is usually tr. in LXX x'-oi's (Ps I'' 35', Is 29', Hos 13'), once x''"''' axipov (Is 17"), and once Koi'iopTSs = dust (Job 21'*). In the Oriental process of winnowing by tossing the cut straw, grain, and chaft'into the air, the grain falls vertically back on the heap, the cut straw is carried a little dis';ance away and deposited in another heap, while the chaff, consisting of the husks and the finer particles of the straw, is carried to and beyond the borders i)f the threshing-floor. Hence the imagery of the passages cited. 3. ppi tcbhen, the same as the Arab. tibn=cut stmw. This word is only once tr. 'chaff' (Jer 23^ AV, where LXX renders i!x''P'»'. and RV 'straw'). In all the other passages where it occurs, except Job 21", where it is incorrectly rendered 'stubble,' it is tr. 'straw.' Cvt straw is preferable. See Stuaw. 4. -vy '■dr. This is an Aramaic word of somewhat uncertain signification. Some have derived it from the root Ty to be blind, and regard it as that which blinds, such as the minute particles called AV 'chatl'of the summer threshing-floors' (Dn 2»'). The LXX rendering Kovioprl}^ in this passage would make it the dust and not the chaff oi the threshing-floor. This con- tains, however, many minute spicules of the straw, husks, and beards of the grain. G. E. Post.