CHANCE. — The 'reign of law' is no discovery of the 19th century. It was an accepted, even an axiomatic, fact to the ancient Hebrew through- out the whole course of his history. And more than that, the law was the immediate expression of a personal will, not the fortuitous harmony of working forces. ' Chance,' therefore, has scant recognition in OT or in NT. Neither avvrvxla nor Tiixri occurs in NT ; and tvxt) only twice, avvTv^la. not once, in LXX. The first occurrence of rtix'? in LXX is Gn 30" /tai ilinv Kda. "&v ti'>xb, ' and Leah said, With fortune ! ' following the kethibh i33 beghAdh (in pause), which RV also follows, 'and Leah said. Fortunate ! ' The other occurrence of TvxT} is Is 65" eroi/id^oi'Tes ry bai^iovii^ Tft^irei^av <al w\T}poOvTes Ty r&xji Kipafffia^ ' preparing for the demon a table, and filling up for fortune a mixed drink.' Here Tir^Tj stands for Heb. 'jd Mint, which most scholars identify with Venus. But Siaiibviov stands for "i; Gad, an old Semitic name for the god of Fortune, found in inscriptions, proper names, and common in Syr. = ruxn- See Gad. Apart from the passages above, the nearest approacn to a recog- nition of ' chance ' is in 1 S 6', where the Philistines devise a method of discovering whether the calamities they had suffered while the ark was in their midst were due to tlie presence of the ark, or whether ' it was a chance that happened to us ' ("n.pP, LXX aivirTwim) ; but here, as in the other places nhere the same Heb. is used (Dt 23'° ' that which ohanceth him,' Ru 2^, 1 S 20=«, Ec 2^*- '» 3""«' 9-- »), the idea is not something independent of J", but something unexpected by man. The prevalent Hebrew mind on the matter is expressed in the proverb (16^^) —
' The lot is cast into the lap ; But the whole disposing thereof is of the Lord.'
The other places in which ' chance ' occurs are these: Ec 9" 'time and c. happeneth to them all' (I'Jp, elsewhere only in 1 K 5* and tr. 'occurrent,' not ' chance,' but external incident or event ; cf. 2 Es 10'" ' these things whicli have chanced ') ; Lk 10" ' by c. there came down a certain |)riest that way' (avyKvpla, again not 'cliance,' but 'con- currence' or 'coincidence,' see Plummer in lor.)- and so 1 Co 15" ' it may c. of wheat, or of some otlier grain' (d ti^oi ; i.e. we cannot tell which ; cf. 14'° d Ti'-xoi, 'it may be') ; while in Dt 22" ' If a bird's nest c. to be before thee in the way,' and 2 S 1° ' As I happened by c. upon Mount Gillioa,' the Heb. is simply ' come upon ' or ' meet ' (n'JC).
For the verb 'c.' = turn out (1 Co 15") cf. Cover- dale's tr. of Ph 1" ' "Ve same shal chaunce to my Saluacion.' J. Hastings.
CHANCELLOR.— ' Rehnm the c.,' Ezr i»-*" (Dye"'?;':, lit. 'the lord of judgment'). Dhem in Assyrian is the technical word used of the oflicial reports forwarded to the kings of Assyria and Babylonia by their correspondents abroad. With this Sayce identifies the Aram, ti'cm, and trans- lates be'rl le'em, 'lord of official intelligence' or 'postmaster.' 'Chancellor,' even in its old sense of royal notary or official secretary to the king, is thus unsuitable ; while in mod. usage the word is restricted to special offices, all very difl'erent from this. See Beeltethmus, Rehum.
J. Hastings.
CHANGE.— 1. See Change of Raiment; and
notice that the sing, is used for the pi. in Jg J 412. 13. 19 'thirty change of garments' (RV 'changes'). The Heb. word (ns-^n) there and else- where used in ' change ' of raiment is found in three difficult passages : Job 10" ' changes and war are against me,' which may mean 'relays 'of soldiers as in 1 K 5'*, but see Davidson iji loc. In Job 14'^ ' all the days of my appointed time will I wait till my c. come,' the meaning is clearly ' release' from the worry of life, as the soldier is released when his watch is over. But in Ps 55'" ' who have no changes, and who fear not God,' this meaning, if possible, is not so easy. See Ox/. Heb. Lex. s.v. 2. In Lv 27'^ ' if he c. it at all, then both it and the c. thereof shall be holj',' c. =exchange (.tiidp, RV ' that for which it is changed '). Cf . Hey wood (1562), 'Chaunge is no robry, but robry niaketh chaunge.' 3. Wis 14-' ' changing of kind ' (-ytviaeuis ifaWayr), RV 'confusion of sex'), i. Changeable in Is 3" ' the c. suits of apparel,' means that may be changed ; Cheyne, state dresses, named in Heb. from their being put off when the occasion for their use was over. 5. Changer. See Money.
J. Hastings.
CHANGE OF RAIMENT.— The expression occurs in Gn 45'-^, where Joseph gives to Benjamin five changes of raiment (nSpf nis^q) ; in Jg 14'-- '", where Samson offers thirty changes of garments (d"^J3 'n) ; also in 2 K S'- '■'-• ^, as part of Naaman's gift. In Jg 17'° part of Micali's wages was to be an outfit of clothing (d'ij3 ^tj,:). The separate mention (Jg 14'-) of the innermost garment (i'")D AV ' sheet,' RV ' linen garment ') indicates that ' change of raiment ' referred to outer articles of dress. These, under some difference of name, pattern, and material, ace. to life in desert, village, or city, were two : (1) the coat or tunic (n3h3, x"'wi'), in the form of a dressing-gown worn with girdle ; and (2) the cloak or mantle (S'vn, lixdnof), of more ample and loose pattern. See Coat, Cloak, Dress.