LlTERATrRB. — For works on both Epistlea see previous articif. On ! Co oiilv, Emmerling (Comnicntarv), 1823 ; Fritzs.he, lie locU nmmuUit, 182< ; Burger, 1800; Klbpper, Untersuchtiiujen, 1869, Kommmtar, 1874 (important); Waite (in Spmki-r't Comm.y 1881 (excellent); Denney (in Expositor t Bible), lsS4 ; Uaco, BntitehMtg d. t Kor.-bri^a. ISM ; Dr«scber in SK (1897)
pp. 43-111. Other work! sa quoted to the body of the abon
"t'cie- A. Robertson.
CORMORANT is the rendering of AV for two Heb. words, nxij Jcd'ath (see PELICAN), and njij* shdldk, KarapdKTr]!, mergulus.
ShAldk occurs only in the list of unclean birds (Lv 11", Dt 14"), with no context to assist in determining its meaning except its association with kd'ath. From its etymology it should be a plunging bird. The difficulty of identifying it is enhanced by the uncertainty of the meaning of the LXX rendering KarapdKTtis, which is also a plunging bird. Tristram is inclined to the render- ing of AV, which is also that of RV, saying that the cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo, is common along the coast, coming up the Kishon, and visit- ing the Sea of Galilee. It is likewise abundant
along the Jordan.
G. E. Post.
CORN. — In Jn 12" ' a com of wheat,' we have a solitary instance of 'com' used for a particle. The AV went back for it to Wyclif, intermediate versions having ' the wheat com,' except Rlieims, 'the graine of wheat,' which RV ('a grain of wheat ') adopts. It is the earliest meaning of the word 'corn.' Cf. Jewel, On Tkess. (1611), ' We must understand this authoritie with a com of salt (cum grano salts), otherwise it may bee vnsauorie ' ; and Hall (1656), Occas. Med. 11, 'He, that cannot make one spire of {jrass, or corn of sand, wUl yet be framing of worlds.' The Gr. is kokkos, every- where else tr'' ' grain.' J. HASTINGS.
CORN (ijn ddgdn, <r(Tos, /ruf/c,?).— The generic (?) name for the cereal grains. Those cultivated in Bible lands are : Wheat, ncn hittdh. the same as the Arab, (iititah. The Arab., with its usual wealth of names for familiar objects, has also burr and komh for wheat. Barley, !t<J!v s6'6rdh. The Arab, for this grain is sha'ir. Yetch, n-D3 kusse- meth, called in AV (Ex 9»^ Is 2S'^) rye,"(fezk "i*) ftehes. The kirsenneh of the Arab, is a modified form, with n substituted for m, and r inserted This grain is Vicia Ervilia, L. It is extensively cultivated in the East. Fitches, nsj kezah (la 28^- ■'), the seeds of the nutmeg Jlower, Nigella saliva, L., which is known in the E. as el-habbat es-saudd, the black seed, or habbat el-barakat, the seed of blessing. This seed, which has carminative properties, is sprinkled on the top of loaves of bread. Millet, IDT dohan (Ezk 4*), which is the same as the Arab, dukhn, Panicutn miliaceum, L. , also Milium Italicum, L. Beans, '?'is p6l, Arab. ful. Lentils, D'tpfv' addshfm , Arab. 'ados. Pulse, D'vii zeroim (Dn P*- "), seeds, probably refers to edible seeds in general, corresponding to the Arab. kutniyah, plur. katdni, which includes not only the leguminous seeds which we know as pulse, but millet, etc. ; but excludes wheat. Rye, as above stated, is an incorrect rendering for vetch, and is not otherwise mentioned in Scripture, nor culti- vated in the Holy Land. Oats, also, are not men- tioned nor cultivated.
Com of all kinds is carried in sheaves from the harvest-fields on asses, mules, horses, or camels. It is threshed by the nauraj or mauraj (Heb. mOrag), and vnnnowed, and stored in earthen, barrel-shaped receptacles or oblong bins in the houses (2 S 4"), or in pits under the floor (2 S 17'"), or in store- houses (2 Ch 32^). It is now often stored in underground chambers, with domed roofs, at the top of which is an opening to introduce the com and remove it. These chambers, contrary to what might be expected, are dry and free from vermin. They are sometimes excavated in the rock, at other times in a sort of soft marl called huw- tcdrah.
COKNELIUS
CORPSE
4yy
The oom ia liable to mildew, pPT yi'rdkCn (the equivalent of the Arab, yerakdn, which means jaundice), and blasting, ps-r shiddAjMn (1 K 8"), causeii by the hot and withering east wind (Hos 13", Jon 4*). When the corn was burned by care- lessness, restitution was enjoined (Ex 22"). Also if the corn land was made pasture CTound for flocks other than those of the owners of the land (Ex 22*).
Palestine exported com in Solomon's time (2 Ch 2»»-'5) and in Ezekiel's (Ezk 27"). Even now it exports some corn, althou''h its imports of grain exceed its exports. See further under B.^RLEY, Wheat, etc. G. E. Post.
CORNELIUS (Kopn}Xio5).— A centurion in the garrison of Ctesarea (Ac 10'). He was probably EUi Italian, the Italian Cohort (cf. Ulass ad loc), bein;; so named to distinguish it from companies locally enrolled, while his name is pure Roman, having been borne by the Scipios and Sulla. In Ac 10 he flits across the line of apostolic history, being brought, in consequence of a series of mutually supplementary visions, into contact with St. Peter, and admitted by baptism into the Church. According to a later tradition he founded a church at Ciesarea, while another legend makes him bishop of Scamandros. The baptism of C. has generally been regarded as the first step in the admission of the uncircumcised into the Church ; but before this can be definitely main- tained, we should have to assume that the events related in Ac 8-11 are narrated chrono- logically. The eunuch's baptism by Philip (8^), that of C. by St. Peter (10'''), and the admission of the Greeks (RV) at Antioch (11"), may all have occurred coincidently, or in any order ; the events are dovetailed into each other without any neces- sary implication of historical sequence. There is no evidence that the eunuch was circumcised, though he was probably a proselyte of the wider class (proselytes of the Gate) ; while the Greeks at Antioch may also have belonged to this class. But C, too, is described as (po^ovueyoi riy ffeoV, the regular phrase in Ac for such proselytes (Ramsay, St. Paul, p. 43), though Renan (TVte Apostles, ch. xi.) says he was not a proselyte in any degree whatever. Now, if C. was a proselyte, the question regarding the admission of the unmitigated heathen still remained, since the apostles could hardly wish tomakethedoorof theChurch narrower than thatof the Synagogue. Some have therefore conjectured that St. Peter simply gave C. a standing in the Church similar to that which he had in the Syna- gogue (see Weizsiicker, Apostolic Age, i. 103f. ); others, that his case was pa.'*sed asan exceptional one (Ramsay). St. Peter, however, according to Ac 11""-, uses it as a true precedent, though, had it been accepted as such, what was the purpose of the subsequent Council at Jerusalem (Ac 15)? Arguing from this, and from the fact that St. Peter was blamed, not for admitting the Gentiles, but for eating with them, Pfleidurer (Urchrislentum, Apostclgesrhifhte) holds that the case of C. is given to show the cessation of ceremonial exclusiveness from the Jevish standpoint. But if so, it is strange to find St. Peter later on (Gal 2"") hesi- tating about this veiy point. On the whole, it is A priori unlikely that a terse writer like St. Luke would have bestowed such pains upon anything but a matter of prime importance, which the relaxing of Jewish exclusiveness could hardly ha»e aiipeared to him — a Gentile — to be. We may, therefore, most safely infer that he looked on tlio baptism of C. as an all-important step in the ad- mission of the Gentiles, while a long cidvance still remained to be made. A. Gkieve.