Eroblems would have remained unsolved. Upon this asis, laid broad and clear in Genesis, the revela- tion of the New Covenant of Redemption in Christ Jesus rests. For the mediatorial work of Christ rests on the Fatherhood of the Creator of all things, and on the supreme worth of man, whom Jesus came to save. Owen C. Whitehousb.
COTE.— 2 Ch 32* 'stalls for all manner of beasts, and cotes (1611 ' coats ') for flocks ' (RV ' flocks in folds '). Cf. Milton, Comus, 344—
' Mi(;ht we but heitr The folded flocks, penned in their wattled oote* ;
which Matthew Arnold borrowed in The Scholar Gipsy—
' Oo, shepherd, and untie the wattled cotes.' The word was orig. used of any small house, like the mod. use of cot (which was the same word in Old Eng. in the neuter, cote being fem.) and cottage (which was perhaps a cote and its append- ages— Murray). Thus Langland, Piers PI. viii. 16 —
* Bothe prynces poleyses and pore mennes cotes.' No doubt the sheep often shared the shepherd's ' cote,' as in the Shep. Calender, Deo. 77, 78 —
• And learned of light«r timber cotes to frame, Such as might save my sheep and me fro ttname.'
In course of time the word was restricted to a slight building for sheltering small animals in, esp. sheep. 'Slieepcote' occurs 1 S 24', 2 S 7", 1 Ch 17'. Cottage is used in the sense of hut in Is 1' (RV ' booth ') 24-'" (RV ' hut '), Zeph 2« (RVm ' caves '), Sir 29-' ' a mean cottage ' (RV ' a shelter of logs '), much as cote above. J. Hastinqs.
COTTON (on? Icarpaf).—The word karpof (Est 1") is rendered by AV, as also by RV, green, but in the marg. of the latter, cotton. It is certainly either cotton or linen stuff. Karpn^ is a loan-word. Sansk. karpdsa, 'cotton'; Persian karpa^, 'fine linen ' (Richardson's Lex.) ; hence also Kdpiraaot and carbasus. Pa.s»nge3 have been quoted from Arriim and others to prove that it grew and was used for clothing in India. G. £. VonT.
COUCH.- See Bed. As a verb, 'couch,' which means ' to stooj),' 'to lie down' (or transitively 'to lay down '), and is now used only of beasts, and esp. in the sense of lurking to s|)ring, was formerly used also of persons and things. Thus Shaks. Merry Wives, V. ii. 1 ; ' Come, come, we'll coudi i' the castle-ditch till we see the light of our fairies.' So Dt 33" 'the deep that coucheth beneath,' where it is possible, however, as Driver suggests, that the subterranean deep is pictured as a gigantic monster (cf . p. 605 f. above). J. HASTINGS.
COULTER.— 'The iron blade fixed in front of the share in a plough ; it makes a vertical out in
508
COUNCIL, COUNSEL
COURAGE
the soil, which is then sliced horizontally by the share.' The Eng. word occurs 1 S 13»-2' as tr° of Heb. 'ith (nx), which is tr^ 'plowshare,' Is 2* = Mic 4», Jl 3"> [all, but Klost. adds 2 K 6» '^HJCnix, taking n(< thus for the instrument ( = the axe of iron), not as the sign of the accusative]. See Agri- culture. J. Hastings.
COUNCIL, COUNSEL.— These words are distinct in origin, council from concilium, (cun-calere, to call together) ' an assembly ' ; counsel from consilium {con-sulere, to consult) 'consultation,' 'advice.' And they are now kept distinct in spelling and in meaning, their meaning nearly correspondmg with the Lat. words from wnich they come. But from the earliest times they were completely confused in the Eng. lang. ; and although enorts were made from the beg. of the 16th cent, to separate them, it took two centuries to effect the separation. In AV of 1611 counsel is once (2S 17'') spelt 'counsel,' elsewhere always 'counsell' (with a cap., Counsell, in Is 11'). The plu. is always 'counsels,' except Pr 22* 'counsaifes.' But council appears in a great variety of forms: Council, Councilf, Councels, councell, Councell, counsel, counsell, Counsell. Subsequent edd. varied these indefinitely, but for the last century or thereby the spelling has been nniformly ' council.'
Coanoll li th» tr» of— 1. nrp righmah, P» ag" only, (EVm * compaoy ' ; see Q0t«8 in Perowne and Delitzsch ; Wellh. tays the word is prob. corrupt, and certainly unintelligible). 2. rvf*- »M,\iu, Mt 12i«, Ac 25i». In Mt 12H RV gives (with AVm) ' took coonsel ' (for AV * held a council '), which ia the trn of r, where it occun elaewhere in the Oo8peUCMt22« 271' ggia, uk S6 16i, ■ held a coniultotion,' AV, RV). But in Ac 2612 both AV and R V render 'council.* The Lat. ccmsiliuiniol which rvw^auXtoi is a trn) had this twofold meaning of * deliberation ' (mod. * counsel '), and ' a deliberating body ' (still retained in law as * counsel (or tba defence '). 8. Elsewhere rvttifttt, for which see
Goansel. — In OT mostly n^cy ''^A, 'advic*,' then (at in Ps 11) ' resolution, bent of will, character,' — Del. ; and iSo, a most lnt«re6ting word, whose primary meaning ia that of ' con- fid*ntial communion * ; whereupon the two meanings already seen in rv/xticuXjot emerge, viz. (1) those who are in confidential communication, council ; and (2) the communication itself, counsel. The most freq. tro in EV is ' secret,' as Ps 25** • the secret of the Lord is with them that fear him.' Where AV has 'counsel' RV retains, except Jer 231^- *^, RV 'council.' In NT either ^ei.A^ (which, though it is the usual trn of 'tzah in LXX, rarely in NT means admce, almost always ipiil, purpose, as Ac 2^ ' the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God ') or nfA^tuKitf as above.