ConnselloF. — This is the only spelling in mod. edd. of AV. It does not, however, occur in AV of 1611, thourfi ' counsellours ' is found thrice, Ezr8", Pr 12** 15^ ; there the spelling is always ' coun- seller' (or ' Counseller,' Is 1*» 9», Dn 6', 1 Es 8"). The Oxf. and Camb. Parallel Bibles restore ' coun- seller' everywliere except Mk 15^, Lk 23" (both fiouXfvT^t, used of .Joseph of Arimatli«a as a member of the Sanhedrin, RV ' councillor ') and Ro 11" (rtJ^i/Soi-Xo!, the LXX word in Is 40", of which this is a quotation). J. HASTINGS.
COUNTENANCE.— As a subst. frequent, always = face. As a vb. only Ex 23* 'Neither slialt thou c. a poor man in liis cause,' RV ' favour,' older versions 'esteem.' Cf. Brinsley (1612), ' tliat the painfull and obedient be . . . countenanced, in- couraged, and preferred ' ; and Shaks. 2 Henry IV. V. i. 41, ' I beseech you, sir, to countenance William Visor of Wincot against Clement Perkes of the hill.'
The Heb. vb. Is hddhar, 'honour,' which is used in a bad sense again in Lv lO'Sb 'nor honour the person of the mighty.' Rnobel would make Ex 23^ correspond with Lv IQ^&b by r^uling Si3 'great,' for Sni 'and a poor man.' But the versions do not support any change (L.XX reads K«i winirm), and the statement is parallel to Lv I'.tio* 'thou shalt not respect the person of the poor.' As the Bishops' Bible explains. ' Trueth of the matter, sad not respect of any person is to oe esteemed in judgement.'
J. Hastings.
COUNTERFEIT.— Only in Apocr. 1. As adj. Wis 15' '[the potter] endeavoureth to do like the workers in brass, and countetli it his glory to make c. things ' ; Gr. k(/35i)Xo, things made in imitation of other more valuable things, hence spurious, the mod. meaning of the word. This reference is to earthenware figures made and glazed so as to resemble the precious metals.* 2. As subst. Wis 2" 'We are esteemed of him as counterfeits' (ei« /c(j3Ji)Xo^ ; Vulg. tamquam nugaces, the only occur- rence of nngax in Vulg.) ; 14" ' they took the c. of his visage from far' (rjix rb^l>uSeii 6\j/iti ivarviruai- luvoi, ItV ' imagining the likeness from afar '). Here c. is used in the obsol. sense of a representa- tion of any person or thing by painting, sculpture, etc., a likeness, image. Cf. Shaks. Merch. oj Venice, Ul. ii. 115 —
'What find I here J Fair Portia's counterfeit ; *
and Holland (1606), Sueton. 39, 'An olde little counterfeit in brasse representing him being a child.' 3. As vb. Sir 38" ' They that cut and grave seals . . . give themselves to c. imagery ' (o^oiio-at ^(•rypaiplay, RV ' to preserve likeness in his por- traiture'). Cf. Tindale's Address to the Reader (NT 15'25), ' I had no man to counterfet, nether was holpe wth englysshe of eny that had inter- preted the same.' J. HASTINGS.
COUNTERVAIL Est 7* 'the enemy could not
0. the king's damage' (RV 'the adversary could not have compensated for the king's damage ') ; and Sir 6" ' Nothing doth c. a faithful friend '(RV ' there is nothing tliat can be taken in exchange for a faithful friend '). In Est 7* the meaning ia 'make an equivalent return for' (Geneva 'recom- pense '), as Stubbes(1583), Aruit. Abus. 63, ' though I be unable with any benefit to countervail youi great pains.' In Sir 6"c. has the older meaning of 'equal in value'; cf. More, Utopia (Robinson's tr. 1551), 'All the goodes in the worlde are not liable to countervayle man's hfe.' J. Hastings.
COUNTRYMAN.— 1. Of the same ncUion, 2 Co ll*" 'in perils by mine own countrymen ' ((k y^i-oi/j, Wyclif 'of kyn,' other VSS 'mine own nation'). 2. Of the same tribe, 1 Th 2''' ' ye also have suftered like things of your oAvn countrymen ' (rCiy lolwr ffvfKpvXfTwv, the Jewish inhabitants of Macedonia). The word is only here in eccles. writers ; Wytlif, 'lynagis' ( = ' lineage,' Rheims), Tindale 'kins- men ' ; Geneva and Bishops' as AV). 3. Of the same citi/, 2 Es lu-" {cives, AV, RV ' neighbours,' RVm ' townsmen '). J. Hastings.
COUPLE is now used only of two persons or things having some affinity, or wont to be con- sidered in pairs. But in older Eng. the usage was free, as Steele, Sped. No. 8, ' I shall here com- municate to the world a couple of letters.' So in AV, 2 S 13' ' make me a c. of cakes.'
J. Hastings.
COURAGE ranks as one of the four cardinal virtues (Wis 8') ace. to the classification derived from Gr. philosophers. In the early days of Israel's battles, courage in its simplest sense was naturally rated very highly. Much stress is laid on it in Dt 31 and Jos 1 ; neither of these passages, however,
* ' Many (counterfeit gems], in the form of beads, have been met with in different parts of Egypt, particularly at Thebes ; and BO far did the Egyptians carry tliia spirit of imitation, that even small figures, scarabsDi, and objects made of ortlinary porcelain, were counterfeited, being coniimsed of still cheuper materials. A figure which was entirely of earthenware, with a glazed exterior, underwent a somewhat more comphcat«d process than when cut out of stone and simply covered with a vitrified coating ; this last could therefore be sold at a low price ; it otfereo all the brilliancy of the former, and its weight alone betrayed its inferiority.' — Wilkinson, Ajicient Jtgi/ptianf, li. 148.