CYAMON
CYPKU8
539
Here, then, we have another heathen cnstom forbidden to the worahippers of J" ; and the un- mistakable evidence of its unworthy associations being tlie cause of its prohibition — although in itself a thing indifferent (Dillm. Theol. d. A.T. p. 428) — strengthens the view above advanced oa to the historical raison d'etre of the ancient custom, here (Lv 9^**) forbidden along with it, as alike incompatible with whole -heuted loyalty to J'.
LrTBRATTRK. — Martin Geier, De Ebraorum Luctu (ed. 3, 1CS3), and (esp. for the ftiginata) John Spencer, Da Leg. Hebr. (ed. 2. 1680) hb. ii- cap. xiii. L^x contra carnit incisuram lata and cap. xiv. Lexsti'jmalaj/rohit/eru; Enohel-I'illmann, Exodus- LfciiicuM on Lv Iv'^ ■ Driver, Detit. on 14' ; Li^litfoot, Gal. on 6" ; W. R. Smith, U.S. I,cct. ix. ; Schw,-illj-, Oii.i L.hrn nach d. Tadt, mn, Kap. i. S8 :i. 6 ; Benzinger. Uth A rch. § 23 ; Nowack, lieb. A rch. i. 4 33. See also the works of Wait/, and H. Spencer (mentioued abuveXaudTylur'A Fritnitiw CuJture lur the cuatoma of lavage tribes. A. R. S. KkNNKDY.
CTAHON (Kvaiiiiy), Jth 7*.— The same as JoE- NBAM, which see.
CTUBAL.— See Mnsia
CTPRESB (npn tiraih, ilex).—AB in the case of the box tree {tiash^hur), there is nothing in the philolopy to indicate what tree is Bipnilied. The root, which is obsolete in Heb., signifies in Arab. to be strong or hard. The tree is mentioned (Is 44") in connexion with the cedar and the oak. It might be any of the numerous coniferous or cnpu- liferous trees of Bible lands, but there is no means of telling which. The LXX gives us no help, the sentence being confused, and not a tr. of the Hebrew. The cypress, Cuprestus semjtervirens, L., is abund- ant, and suitable as to hardness, but we have no certainty that it is intended. Furthermore, it is probable that Ctipressus aempervirens is the fir. See FlH. Under these circumstances, the best way would be to transliterate, as in tlie case of the algum and almug, and call the tree tirzah.
G. E. Post.
CYPRUS lies in the N.E. comer of the Levant (34" 33'— 35° 41' N. lat., 32° 17'— 34° 36' E. long.), between the convergent coasts of Cilicia and Syria. On its N. coast Cape Kormakiti is only 46 Eng. miles from Cape Anamur, in Cilicia, and its E. extremity. Cape Andrea, only 60 (miles) from Latakia on the Syrian coast. Consequently, the whole line of the CUieian coast is easily visible from the sea-level in C, and vice versd, while the Lebanon can be seen at sunrise even from Stavroviini near Larnaka (2260 ft.).* Its greatest breadth, from Cape Gata to Cape Konnaktti, is 60 Eng. miles, and its ex- treme length, from Cape Drepano to Cape Andrea, is 145 ; but the latter includes the Karpass pro- montory, which, though 45 miles long, is nowhere more than 10 miles across. Tlie nearly straight N. coast from Cape Kormakiti to Cape Andrea measures about 100 miles. The area of C. is 3707 square miles, or about equal to that of Norfolk and Sullolk ; it is larger than Corsica or Crete, but smaller than Sicily or Sardinia.
C. consists of two mountain masses, separated by a broad low-lying plain : (1) The S.W. half of the Island ia occupied Ly a range composed of crystal- line and metalliferous rocks, which in its western acd highest section is called Troodo.s (6406 ft.), and is continued through Midhari (5305 ft.), I'apiitsa (5124 ft.), and the iMAkhaeru range (4674 ft.) to the almost isolated Stavroviini (2260 ft.), about 12 miles from Lamaka. The same rocks reaiipear in the plateau of limestone and gypsum beds between Larnaka and Eamngiista, but never rise to more than 300 ft. (2) The Alessaoriil or ' midland '
• Of. Ib 231, when) the homeward-bound merchantmen flrat ■ee the sniokc of bumin(( Tyre from Mieir \iktit ntivhoroge at Kitlon : ' from ttie land of Kit'tim it ia revealed to them.'
plain extends along the N. and N.E. side oi Alakhaera from the Bay of M6rphu to that of Famagdsta. A very low watershed divides the basin of the SerAkhis, flowing towards M6rpliu, from that of the Pediks(lIc6iaios)and YaliAs, which rise from the N. side of Mdkhaera and reach the sea at Salamis through extensive marshes. (3) The N. range is a straight, narrow, and abrupt ridge of the Anatolian limestone, and extends lOO miles from Cape Kormakiti to Cape Andrea. Its highest peak is Bufi'avcinto (3135 ft.), crowned by a Byzan- tine fortress. U. Elias or K6mo3 (3106 ft.) and Tr/pa Vun6 (3085 ft.) are conspicuous peaks in the West. Pentedilktylo, farther E., rises to 2405 ft., and Olyiiibos to 2431 f t^; but in the Karpass nothing is higher than Sina Uros (2380 ft.), close to the fortress of Kantdra (161 ft.). Pdmbulos, near Rhizokirpaso, reaches only 1194 ft. The northern coastland E. and W. of Keryuia is narrow, but well watered and very fertile.
The only accurate map of C. is the Government Trigonometrical Survey (Stanford, 1885), incorpor- ated in the subsequent editions of the Admiralty Chart of Cyprus (No. 2074).
The principal resources of C. in ancient and mediaeval times were copper and timber. The former, which in fact derives its name from that of the island, was worked in great abundance on the N. side of Tr6odos and Mdkhaera, from Lfmni near the Bay of Klir^sokhu, to Frdngissa (Tamassos) and LithrodcSnda ; and in less quantity near Tremi- thushd (Treniithus). The principal centres of export were Soloi (Karavostdsi) and Marion (Poli dis Khr/sokhu). The supply was finally exhausted some time in the Middle Ages. Iron was worked from the 9th cent. n.C. onwards in the country about Mdkhaera, though it never rivalled copper in commercial importance. Pliny (xxxiv. 2) says that only inferior qualities were worked in his time. Aluch glass was made in Roman times at Tamassos and elsewhere (Pliny, xxxvi. 193).