The words of the Jews in Jn IC would natur- ally be suggested by the direction which this fiast would give to mens thoughts. The hymn wliich is at present used in Jewish synagogues during its continuance records the successive deliver- ances of Israel, and contains a prayer for yet another. J. II. KENNEDY.
DEEM was once in freq. use, but is now almost extinct. Even in AV it occurs but twice. Wis 13' ' deemed either lire or wind or the swift air, or the
• The title of Pa 30 moat probahly refers to the dedicatioD by Judua Maccaba)u8 (see Baelhi;en in'loco, and next art.).
586
DEEP
DEGREE
circle of the stars, or the violent water, or the lights of heaven, to be the gods which govern the world ' {iviiuaav, RV ' thought'), and Ac 27" ' the shipmen deemed (ujrffo'ow) that they drew near to some country,' though Wyclif has the word and its cognates often, and uses it with fine effect. Thus 1 Co 112»si-»a 'for he thatetith and drynkith onworthili etith and drinkith dome to hym, not wiseli demynge the bodi of the Lord. And if we demeden wiseli us silf we schulden not be demed, but while we ben denied of the Lord we ben chas- tisid, that we be not dampned with this world.' RV gives ' surmised ' for ' deemed ' in Ac 27", but 'deemed' for 'as' in Ezr 2«^ Neh 7" ' therefore were they deemed polluted and put from the priesthood' (Heb. simply 'and were polluted from the priesthood '). J. Hastings.
DEEP. — The adj. is used fie. in the sense of ' profound ' without any thought of malevolence, as Ps 92° ' Thy thoughts are very deep ' ; Ec 7"* ' that which is far off, and exceeding deep ' (poy pby ' deep, deep ') ; Is 29"* ' woe unto them that seek deep to hide their counsel from the Lord ' (cv'v«,eO) ; Dn 2^ ' He revealeth the deep and secret things ' ; 1 Co 2'° ' the deep things of God ' (Wyclif 8 tr. ; Tind. ' the bottome of Goddes secretes,' so Cranmer, Geneva (1557) ; but Gen. 1560 restored ' the deepe things of God,' and so Bishops' ; Rhem. ' the profoundities of God '). Cf. Bacon, Essays, ' the more deepe and sober sort of Politique persons.'
' Deep ' IS a common subst. in Shake, and others of that day, and is often used figuratively, as Jul. CcBS. IV. iii. 226—
* The deep of night Ifi crept upon our talk." But in AV where ' the deep ' is not the sea, it refers to the wast« of waters (the primitive tehvm), or to the bottomless pit. The Heb. words are oinn tikCm, as Gn 1" ' daiKness was upon the face of the deep ' (see COSMOGONY) ; rh\)i zuldh. Is 44", and nSiso mizuldh, Job 41", Ps 69" 107'", or nViic meziidh (in the plu. ' deeps '), Neh 9", Ps 88«. The Gr. words are djSwrffos (see Abyss), ^iffot, Lk 5*, 2 Co 8^ ; and
fivedi, 2 Co 11^.
Deepness, now almost replaced by 'depth,' is retained from Wye. in Mt 13' ' they had no deep- ness of earth ' (RV retains, and restores ' deepness ' to the par. passage Mk 4', which Wye. had also ; Tind. has ' depth ' in both places). J. Hastings.
DEER.— See Fallowdekk.
DEFECTIVE.- Sir 49< only, and the meaning is 'guilty of WTongdoing,' ' All, except David and Ezechias and Josias, were defective : for they for- sook the law of the Most High ' ( TrXrifi/ieXelav iTr\riiJLiii\ri<rai>, lit. 'erred an error,' i.e. ace. to the Heb. idiom ' erred greatly,' RV ' committed trespass.' The same Gr. is found in LXX Lv 5", Jos 7' 22'''-"). Bissell (in loc.) says 'were de- fective ' is not strong enough. Noi is it now, but in older Eng. it was used for positive transgres- sion or wrongdoing, as Act 10 Henry VIII. 1518, ' Persons ... so founden defective or trespassing in any of the said statutes.' ' Defect' in the mod. sense of a shortcoming is given by RV in 1 Co 6' (firniim, AV after Wye. 'fault,' Gen. 'impatience,' RVm ' loss ' : see Sanday-Headlam on Ro 11").
J. Hastings.
DEFENCED is used in AV (only of cities) where we should now say ' fortified,' the Heb. being either tlie vb. [nj:] bdzar (Is 25» 27"' 36' 37=% Ezk 21") 'to cut oil', render inaccessible,' or the Bubst. i)i;p mibhzdr (Jer 1" 4" 8" 34', always with I'V 'ir, city), 'a place cut off.' RV gives ' fenced ' in Is 36' 37^ and in Jer 4» 34' ; Auier. RV has ' fortilicd ' in all the passages. i. Hastings.
DEFER.— From dis apart, and ferre to carry, to defer is properly ' to put aside,' and this meaning is found in early English. The mod. meaning is ' to put off to another occasion,' ' to postpone ' j but in older Eng. the word was loosely used in the general sense of ' put of,' ' delay,' as Dn 9" ' defer not, for thine o^vn sake, O my God' (nnxn-SN ' delay not,' ' tarry not,' the vb. is never used in the sense of putting off to another occasion ; so Gn 34", Ec 5<) ; Pr 13" ' Hope deferred maketh the heart sick' (nji^cD 'drawn out,' ' protracted,' cf. Is 18'' where same part of vb. is tr. ' tall ' in RV) ; Is 48' ' For my name's sake will I defer mine anger' (^IKS, not postpone to another occasion, but delay so as not to vent it at all if possible, so Pr 19''). Delay is the meaning also in Apocr., Jth 2" (iw.k- pOvui), Sir 4' (Trapi\Ku), 18" (/wii-w). But in NT (Ac 24^-' only) the meaning is postpone to another occasion, viz. to a fuller neanng ; the obsol. con- struction is, however, employed of having a person as the object, 'Felix . . . deterred them ' (ive^dXert airrois). Cf. Rogers (1642), Naaman, 137, ' If it seem goode to thy wisdome to deferre me.' RV gives 'deferred' for ' prolonged' Ezk 12^- '•^ ("Ft).