A frightful calamity brought the prosperity of D., and especially of the Roman settlers, to an end. In the Mithridatic war Athens took part with the king, whUe D., where the Roman settlers were so numerous, naturally remained true to the Roman interest. After maintaining itself for a short time, D. was captured in B.C. 87 by the enemy; '20,0110 Italians were massacred there and in the neigh- bouring Cyclades ; and, when the Romans re- covered it m the course of the war, they found it, as Strabo says, deserted. It recovered to a certain extent in the following years ; but direct trade between Italy and the E. harbours now became more common ; Ostia and Puteoli took the place of D. as the great emporia for the purchase of E. products required in Italy, and under the Roman Empire D. became utterly insignificant.
LiTERATUUB. — The excavations conducted at Delos for many years by the French School of Athens have thrown a flood of lij,'ht on the history of the island. An excellent summary and estimate of their earlier results, as published in many scattered works, ia given by Jebb in Journai o/ Hellenic Studiett, IsSO, pp. 7-^2. Since then numerous articles in the BulUtin de Corresp. BelUn., by Homolle, S. Reinach, and others, have added much information, especially vi. pp. 1-167, vii. pp. 103-125, S29-373, viii. pp. 76-l."i8, xiV. pp. 389-511, xv. pp. 113-168. See also Homolle, Archives de t Intetidaiice Sacriie d DeioM\ Scbceffer, de Deli Imulce rebut. W, M. RaMSAY.
DELUGE See Flood.
DEMAND. — Throughout AV ' demand ' is simply to ask, as Fr. detnander, without the sense of authority. This is manifest from the Heb. and Gr. words so tr'', which have all this simple meaning. In Introd. to Gen. Bible we read, ' The Catechisme, or nianer to teache children the Christian religion, wherein the minister demandcth the question, and the childe maketh answer.' See Field, O.V iii. on Mt 2*. As a subst. d. occurs only Dn 4" ^vith tha same simple meaning. Cf. Chaucer, Troilut, r. 859—
* And of th' assege (siege) he gan hir eek byiecba.
To telle hiin what was hir opinioun.
Fro that demaunde he so descendeth doun
To asken hir, if that hir strauni^e thoughte
The Grekes gyse, and werkes that they wroughte.'
Once RV introduces d. in mod. sense (Neh 5") foi AV 'require' (see Ryle's note). J. Hastings.
DEMAS
DEMETRIUS IIL
58s
DEMAS ( AijAiaj, possibly an abbrev. of DemetriuB) is described by the Apostle Paul as a fellow- labourer, and unites with him in sending salutations from Home to the ColossianB and to Philemon (Col 4", PhUem v."). In the 2nd Ep. to Timothy (4'") he is described as having forsaken the apostle when he was awaiting bis tritil before Nero, becaose he 'loved tliis present world.' Whether he was discouraged by the hardships of the Christian life, or allured by the hope of some earthly advantage, and whetner his apostasy was temporary or final, we have no means of knowing. Tradition leans to the darker view of his character, and classes him among the apostates from the faith rEpiph. H(Br. 51). R. M. Boyd.
DEMETRIUS I., sumamed 2i*j->fp, ' Saviour,' by the Babylonians in gratitude for the removal of their satrap Heraclides, was the son of Seleucus Philopator. In his boyhood he was sent (B.C. 175) to Rome as a hostage, and remained there during the reign of his uncle, Antiochus Epiphanes. When the Senate several times refused his request to be recognized as the king of Syria, he fled from Rome, with the assistance chiefly of the historian Pol vbius( Poly b. xxxi. ; Justin, xxxiv. 3). Landing at Tripolis, he was joined by large bodies of the people, and even by tlie bodyguard of his cousin, Antiochus Eupator. Eupator was soon defeated and pnt to death, and in B.C. 162 D. was pro- claimed king (1 Mac 7'"*, 2 Mac 14'- '; Jos. Ant. xn. X. 1 ; Liv. Epit. xlvi.). He conciliated Rome by valuable presents (Polyb. xxxi. 23), and, after interfering in the afliairs of Babylon (App. Stir. 47 ; Polyb. xxxii. 4), turned his attention to Judaea. Alcunus (wh. see) was established in the high priesthood, and the Syrian lordship was for a time completely renewed. In the seven years that followed, D. at'ain oflended the Romans by putting a supporter of nis own in the place of Ariarathes on the throne of Cappadocia (Polyb. xxxii. 20 ; Liv. Epit. xlvii.), whilst his tyranny and excesses alienated his own people. Alexander Balas (wh. see) was set up as a claimant to the crown of Syria (B.C. 153) ; and he and D. competed for the support of Jonathan (1 Mac 10'-" ; Jos. Ant. XIII. ii. 1-3). The former, offering princely rank and the high priest- hood, won at the first bid ; and when the latter mcule a further promise of exemption from taxa- tion and investment with privilege (1 Mac 10^""), the people ' gave no credence ' to his words, which are very important for the light they cast upon the nature of the im[>ost8 exacted by the Syrian kings. The salt tax, the king's share of the crops and fruits, the poll-tax, the pressed service, wiih a variety of otner burdens, were to be remitted, and the expenses of the temple to be met from the royal revenue (see Mahatl'y, Emp. of Ptolemies, 8 117). With the help of the Jews, Balas was able to recover from the reverses he suffered during the two years' war that followed; and in B.C. 150 a decisive engagement took place, in which D. dis- played the utmost personal bravery, but was defeated and slain (1 JIac lO"-* ; Jos. Ant. XIII. ii. 4 ; App. Syr. 67 ; Polyb. iii. 5 ; Justin, xxxv. 1 ; Euseb. Chron. ed. Schocne, i. 283 so. ).