It would lie beyond the scope of this article to tiace the development of demonology in post- apostolic Christian writers. The elaborate demon- ology of Origen is portrayed in Conybeare's inter- esting article {JQR, Oct. 1890), to which the reader is referred. The enormous range of this belief in all its varieties, and the extent to which it pene- trated into [lopular belief and practice from the hoarj antiquity of Babylonian and Egj-ptian magic down to the time of the Reformation and beyond, is a fact of which this modern age of
• The opposite view is taken by Beyschlac in his rropramrae, ' Did the Apoatk' Paul regard the gods of the neathen osuemonB?' and he is followed by MareuB Doda {Expositor, March 1895, p. 237(1.). But on the subject of Demonolopj' in the NT, and the belief of Jesus in a personal devil, Bi-yschlag is an unsafe l^ide, as 1 shall attempt to show in my article Satan.
scientific discovery is but dimly conscious. Readers of Xioxighty'e Arabia De.serta, however, soon become aware how fervently the modem Arab of the desert believes in the Jdn (see especially vol. ii. p. 188 ff.). Monumental eWdence presents a vast array of examples. A consideraole mass of Aramaic in- scriptions could be cited, if space permitted, con- sistin" of nothing else than conjurations, charms, or spells. See, for example, the transcription and translation by Jos. Wolilstein, in Zeitschr. fur Assyriologie, AprU 1894, of Aramaic inscriptions on clay vessels preserved in the Royal Museum at Berlin, No. 2416 (consisting of nearly 100 lines); also in Dec. 1893, No. 2422 (of 44 lines). See also the interesting Greek form in Deissmann, Bibel- studien, p. 20 tf., and cf. art. EXORCISM. Respect- ing modem examples of demoniacal possession and exorcism it is dilficult to speak ^vlth certainty, though some examples appear well authenticated. One of the most striking is to be found in the account given by the missionary Waldmeier of hia ten years' labour in Abyssinia, Autobiography of Thomas Waldmeier, pp. 64-66. 'Though the shadows of such beliefs have been slowly passmg away from Western Europe, the gloom still invests a large portion of the world, and fills the hearts of many millions of our fellow-men with anguish and terror. Like our first parents, we behold
' all the eastern side With dreadful faces thronged and fiery arms."
Owen C. Whitehodse. DEMOPHON {Arino(pu>y, 2 Mac 12-), a Syrian com- mandant in Palestine under Antiochus Eupator. According to tlie author of 2 Mac, after terms of
Eeace had been agreed upon for the first time etween Judas Maccabceus and Lysias (see Absa- lom IN Apocr.), some of the provincial com- mandants, and Demophon among them, continued to act in a hostile manner towards the Jews.
H. A. White. DEN (3^x the lurking-place of wild beasts, Job 37' ; n-ij,'3 a cave where robbers hide, Jer 7" ; ■■".?}? in Jg 6^* IS perhaps [but see Moore, ad loc] a deep valley or water-course. In NT <rir7)Xaioc). — The lions den into which Daniel was cast (Dn 6' etc.) was doubtless that in which the king's lions were kept, in accordance with a custom known to prevail at Oriental courts. Layard {Nin. and Bab.) shows tliat these beasts were used for purposes of sport by the kings of Assyria. A royal lion hunt is depicted in a bas-relief of the palace of Assur na^ir-pal (B.C. 885-860) discovered at Nimroud. now in the British Museum. A seal of Darius has also been found, on which the king is represented in the act of shooting an arrow at a lion rampant.
G. Walker. DENARIUS.— See Money.
DENOUNCE.— In AV Dt 30" only, ' I d. unto you this day, that ye shall surely perlsli ' (•pisr', tr'' ' I profess ' 2(3^). I'his is the orig. meaning of the word (fr. Lat. denuntiare, ' to give official inti- mation'). So Peacock (1449), 'The Euangelie of God . . . which to alle men ouglite be denouncid ' ; and 2 Th 3"" Wye. (1380) 'we denounceden this tiling to you, that if ony man wole not worche : nether ete he' (after Vulg. hoc denunciabamus vobis). J. Hastings.
DENY.— In the sense of 'refuse,' deny (Lat. de-ncgare, 'say no,' 'refuse') is not yet obsolete. Exau'iples in AV are 1 K 2" ' I ask one petition of thee, deny me not ' ('i^Titt "jpcrSi* ' turn not away my face ' ; in v." the same phraise is twice tr^ in AV 'say not nay,' RV 'deny not'; cf. Lk 12-'') ; 1 K 20', Pr 30' ' Two things have I required (RV 'asked') of thee ; deny me them not before I die' (both Vj^). But we cannot now say ' deny to do •
l^EPART
DESCRY
595
a tiling, as Wis li-' 'tlie true God, whom before they denied to know ' {iipfoOirro dSh'ai, Vul;^. ncgabant se nosse, KV ' refused to know,' RVm ' denied that tliey knew ') j so 16" ' the ungodly that denied to know thee"; and 1 Mac st^di-w < He destroyeth Ephron for denying him to pass through it.' Cf. Shiiks. Winter's Tale, v. ii. 128 : ' You denied to figlit witli me this other day, because I was no gentlemsin born'; and Knox, llistorie, 88, *the Lord Gray . . . plainely denyed to charge again.'