DURE.— The simple vb. 'dure' (fr. Lat. durare, be hard,' 'last') is nowobsol., its place being filled
by ' endure.' It occurs in AV Mt 13=' only : ' Yet hath he not root in himself, but dureth for a while ' (RV ' endureth for a while,' Gr. rpocKaipoi 4m, lit. 'is temporary'; Wye. 'is tempera!,' Rhem. ' is for a time' ; 'dureth' is Tindale's word, who tran.slates the same expression in Mk 4" by ' endure,' and is followed by AV). ' During,' still in u.se, is the pres. ptcp. of this verb ; cf. Tindale, Works, p. 476 : ' when the disciples were come together vnto the breakyng of the bread, Paule made a sermon duryng to myduight.' Not in AV, 'during' is introduced by RV into Mt 26', Jn 2'-'^ 13^ Rev 11*. Durable is still in use, and applicable to clothing, as Is 23", but scarcely now to riches, as in Pr 8'". Cf. Purchas, Pil. p. 28 : ' They might take up their Crosse, and follow the second Adam unto a durable happinesse.* J. HastINQS.
DDTY is that which is due. In mod. Eng. it is only that which is due by one, but formerly expressed also that which is due to one. This is the meaning of Ex 21'°, AV ' If he take him another wife ; her food, her raiment, and her duty of marriage shall he not diminish ' (so RV). Cf. Tindale's tr. of Mt 20''' ' Take that which is thy duty, and go thy waye,' and of Lk 12^^ ' to geve them their deutie of meate at due season ' ; and Knox, Hist. p. 117 : ' I will serve my Prince with body, heart, goods, strength, and all that is in my power, except that which is God's duty, which I will reserve to him alone.' Shaks. uses the word in both senses, Tarn, of Shrew, IV. L 40 : ' Do thy duty, and have thy duty.' For the biblical conception of Duty, see Ethics. J. Hastings.
DWARF is the rendering in AV and RV of pi, a word (Lv 21*') denoting one of the j)hysical disqualifications by whicli a priest was unfitted foi service. The word means thin, lean, small. 1 1 is applied to Pharaoh's lean kine (Gn 41' etc.), to the minute grains of manna (Ex 16"), to the still, small voice (1 K 19"), and in other like instances. The conjecture that it here means a dwarf is plaus- ible. But others regard it as meaning an unnatur- ally thin man — a consumptive, perhaps. The Sept. ((<t>ri\oi) and Vulg. connect this specification with the one that follows, as indicating defective eyes. So the meaning must be regarded as uncertain.
W. J. Beeciier.
DYEING. — The art of dyeing is not mentioned in Scripture, but dyed stuffs are referred to in various passages, and hence it is altogether probable that dyeing was known to the Israelites. The coloured stud's mentioned are blue, purple, and scarlet ; these all occurring together in the description of the hangings of the tabernacle (Ex 26*"). It would seem tliat the yam was dyed before weaving (cf. Ex 35®), as we know wa.s the custom of the Egyptians (cf. Wilk. Atic. Kg. ii. p. 166, ed. 1878), from whom the Israelitish women may have acquired the art. The Egj'ptians were certainly ac<iuainted with the art of dyeing by the use of cnemic.ils, though they may not have under- stood the chemical properties of the materials em- ployed (cf. Pliny, XXXV. 11, and Wilk. ii. 168, 109), ana the Hebrews no doubt knew something of it at the time of the Exodus. At a later period they may have learned from the Phoenicians the process of making the Tyriiin jmrple, so renowned among the ancients; but it is not probable that they produced it, as they could not readily procure the shell-fish used in its manufacture. "The purple of the taber- nacle, if made by the Hebrews, must have been obtaineil from other sources and by other methods. Purple occurs in I'r 31" as the clothing of the virtuous woman ; and as it stjinds in a long list of items of her handiwork, it may indicate tliat she knew how to make it. Scarlet was obtained by a
process similar to that of purple, as we leam from Kenriek, Phosn. oh. viii., and Rawlinson, Phcen. ch. viii. Blue wa.s doubtless obtained from indigo, which was known to the Egyptians from their commerce with India (Wilk. ii. 164). See Colours. Bams' Bkina 'dyed' red (o'Qj^ d^'b n^i;) are
mentioned in Ex 25'. This process the Hebrews could have learned also from the Egyptians (cf. Wilk. ii. 185). The art is still carried on in Syria, and large quantities of skins are tanned red for th« native shoes and saddles. H. Pobtkb.
DYSENTEBT.— See Mkcicikk.
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E. — The symbol ordinarily nsed in criticism of Hex. to signify the work of the [second] Elohist. See Hexateuch.
EAGLE (tfi nesher, drrAi, aquila). — The Arab, retains the same name, in a modi6ed form, nisr, enbstituting sin for sMn. This term is used by the Arabs for the vxiltures, of which there are four species in the Holy Land. (1) Gypcetus barbatus, Cuv., the lammergeier, the o-j^ peres of the Hebrews, AV ossifrage, Arab, 'aniik. (2) Gyps fvlxms, Sav., the griHbn. (3) Neophron percnoptertus, L., the Egyptian \'nltnre, called in Arab, raham or dejdj- Fir'aun, Pharaoh's hen. It is the gier eagle of AV, not of RV. (4) Vultur monachus, L.