These various canon, or apocr. passages mention abundantly many of the familiar physical effects of drunkenness ; staggering, reefing, dizziness, incoherent speech, redness of eyes, vomiting, stupid sleep, insensibility to blows, insatiable appetite for more stimulant. They speak of its mental effects : exhilaration, jollity, loss of good judg- ment, inconseiiiience of tnonght anil purpose, inability to kee]) secrets, quarrelsomeness, shame- lessness, failure to remember afterwards what occurred while one was drunk, the purposed for-
630
DRUNKENNESS
DUMAH
getting of one's misery, such facts as the naked- ness of Noah, the helplessness of Amnon, the sodden condition of Nabal. They speak of festal drinking, of usages compelling one to drink, or exempting him from compiDsion (Est 1^), of carousals, dissipations, excess, riot, of the Syrian king drinking uimself drunk in his tent in the face of the enemy, many times of the high-born people of both Israel and Judah as wasting their property and energies in costly drinking feasts, of the connexion of drunkenness with licentious- ness and gambling, of orgies in which the three were mingled (Jl 3^). They speak of the permanent effects of these things on one's condition of life, of the guzzler and the glutton who bring themselves to poverty, to loss of energy, to rags. They speak of sociological effects, of men who by reason of private dissipations neglect public duty, of men who ought to be ambitious to serve God and their country, but whose actual ambitions run in the
injustice at home, and boundless defeat and slaughter by foreign invaders.
In these and oilier particulars no one can fail to recognize the widespread prevalence of drunken- ness and its evils in the biolical times, and their identity with the same evils as now existing. Especial importance attaches, therefore, to any- thing the Biole has to say in regard to the remedy.
The author of Sir says : ' Wine drunk in season and to satisfy is joy of "heart and gladness of soul ; wine drimk largely is bitterness of soul, with provocation and conflict' (31^**). Similar passages abound in ancient literature. They commend the moderate use of intoxicants, and condemn the excessive use ; generally drawing the line, how- ever, not between exhilaration and drunkenness, but between dnmkenness that is regarded as occa- sional and seasonable and drunkenness that is habitual and unseasonable. In view of this, it is worth noting that our canonical books contain no such passage. On the other hand, they unquali- fiedly condemn drunkenness. They lay down the proposition, ' Look not on the wine when it is red ' (Pr 23"). In such cases as those of the priests (Lv 10°), of Daniel, of the Rechabites, of the Nazirites, they teach that even total abstinence is sometimes a duty.
An account of the intoxicating liquors mentioned in the Bible will be found under the titles Strong Drink and Wine. See also Food.
3. T/t* difference between the ancient and the modem problem. — With all their many points of identity, there is a large and important group of differences. Any one w-lio will carefully study all the passages in the Bible which speak of this matter will note that, in a large majority of them, drunkenness is explicitly spoken of as the vice of the wealthy. Perhaps there is not an instance in which habitual drunlcenness is attributed to any who are not wealthy. In modem times, on the contrary, drunkenness is supposed to be muclt more prevalent among the poor than among the well-to-do. This difference is not an accident. It is mainly the result of the cheapening of intoxi- cants, through improved processes of distilling and brewing, introduced within the past two or three centuries. When the price of enough wine or beer to make a man drunk was equal to half a month's wages, and no other intoxicants were to be had, it was impossible for most men to become sodden drunkards. The case is diflerent when an hour's labour will pay for an intoxicating quantity of cheap liquor. In the older time, habitual drunkenness was possible for thousands where it U now possible for hundreds of thousands. This
vast modem extension of the domain of intemper- ance should not be forgotten when we study the Bible for practical light on the subject. To this mi^ht be added a large number of important ditlerences of detail between ancient life and modem life that have bearings on the question in hand. The outcome of such a companson ia that drunkenness and its attendant evils, inexcusable, widespread, harmful, and dangerous as they were in the civilizations in which the Scriptures were written, are immeasurably more so in our existing civilization, and we ought to deal with the problem accordingly. W. J. BeeCHEB.
DRUSILLA (Apa(!<rtXXa).— See Hekod.
DDEE. — This word being applied in AV with two exceptions * to the chiefs of Edom, the im- pression 18 formed that in the family of Esau this was a hereditary title, as it is in Britain now. It is, however, never a title in AV, but a general expression for ' chief,' being formed from Lat. dux (the word in the Vulg.), and the tr. of a word (qjni or 'f^^ 'alluph) which is also applied to the princes of Judah (Zee 9' 12»- «. See CHIEF, u. 3).
The Heb. woni ia probably more epectflc tlmn ite Eng. equlvft. lent, being held by Dillmaon (on On 361^) to be derived from r]7f^ *«2epA, a thousand ; bo properly 'a chiliarch,' and understood by Dnver (Expos, in. ii. 9) * to denote properly the leader o/ a clan,' and a& 'probably the indigenous name borne in luiom by the chiefs of the several ^uXa-t or clans ' ; while in Eng. * duke ' wal freely applied to any leader or chief of any rank and nation. Thus ' Annibal, duke of CarthoL'ineusis ' — Sir T. Elyot, The Gov^rtutur, U. 233 : * Ther was a auk that hichte Theseus ' — Chaucer, Knight's TaU, i ; after whom Shaks. ilids. Nighfg Dream, l. L 20 : ' Happy be Theseus, our renowned duke !' ; Latimer {Works, i. 31) calls Gideon * a duke'; and WycUf uses the word of the Messiah, Mt 2^ ' And thou, Bethleem, the lond of Juda, art not the leest among the prynces of Juda ; for of thee a duyk schal go out, that Bchal goueme my puple of Israel * ; and Select Works, ill. 137, ' Jesus Christ, duke of oure batel, tagbt us lawe of pacience, and not to feght bodily.' Between 1572 and H)?3 (that is, when AV was made) the title was extinct in England