appendix of inscriptions, most of which are republished by Hicks, I.e.) ; and the scientific account of his discoveries, whicFi doubtless he contemplated, was never published. The sketch of
the history, esp. the early history, ^iven by E. Curtius in * Belthi^e z. Oes. u. Topo^. Kleinosiens' in Abhandi. Akad. Berlin. 1872(repub. in his Gttam. Alihandt. i. 233-286), is sinpi- Urly charminf; and instructive. Lightfoot's * Discoveries illus- trating the Act* of the Apostles* in Conlemp. Rev. May 1878 (repub. aa app. to his Ettnayt on Supemat. Rel. p. 291 ff.), is QMful : Bee also Ramsay, CAurcA in Rom. Emp. pp. 112-166, and
* See Illustrations collected SxpotHor, March 1892, p. 223 ; St Paul lly Travftler, p. 271.
t Tins Kpistle was written from Ephesus.
t The Council was held in E. (not outside the city) U rf kyurnr^ izM^iteif, rn saAai/^us Ma^.fi, as is stated in the Acta.
«. Paul the Traveller, pp. 267-282. On the coinage, see Head's excellent Hist, of the Coinage o/ E. (which unfortunately end! with the Christian era, but may be completed from his ' CatA- log^e of the Gr. Coins in the Briu Mus." Ionia, pp. 70-116. On the {treat highway between E. and the East see 0. Hir^ch- feld, 'Kelainai-Apameia-lvibotos,' in Abhandi. Akad., Berlin, 1875 ; Ramsay, lliet. Geog. of As. Min. pp. a5-51. On the sup- posed ' tomb of St. Luke, see Weber, Rylands, and Falkener, m Trans. Soc. Bit. Arch. viL 1881, and Siiiipsiin, ibid. vi. p. 323.
W. AI. Ram.say. EPHLAL (^Sex).— A descendant of Judah (1 Cb 2"). See Genealogy.
EPHOD (I'iSN, -itx; fTrufils Ex, Lv, but i<puS, i(l>ov5, Jg and 1 S). — In tre.iting of this term, which is apparently used in dillerent meanings, it will be convenient to consider hrst the pn.ssages in which there is least doubt about the siguilication of the word.
1. The ' ephod ' was a priestly garment made of white linen (nr), and attached to the body by a girdle (lun). An ephod such as tliis was worn by Samuel as a temple-servant (1 S 2"), by the 85 priests belonging to the sancluai-y at Nob, who were slain by Doeg (1 S 22'"), and by David when he danced before the ark (2 S 6'" ; cf. 1 Ch 15-''''). The nature of this priestly garment is not furtlier described ; but it may be assumed to have been a simpler form of the more ornate garment of the same name described in P(Ex2S''-''- "'■ 29= 39--' "«•, Lv 8') among the vestments ]ieculiar to the High Priest. This more ornate ' ephod ' was, in a word, an ornamental kind of tciistcvat. It consisted of an oblong jiiece of richly variegated material (blue, purple, scarlet, and hue twined linen, interwoven with gold threail, the 'work of the designer'), bound round the body under the arms, and reaching down as far (apparentlj-) as the waist. The ephou was supported oy two ' shoulder-jiieces,' i.e. two Haps or straps attached to it behind, and passing over the shoulders to the front, wheae they were again fastened to the ephod : on the top of each of these shoulder-pieces was an onyx-stone, engraven with the names of six of the tribes of I.srael. Round the body, the ephod was further held in its place by a band (nixn y^'n, i.e. prob. the ' ingenious work of the ephod ' *), of the same material as the ephod, and woven in one jiiece with it, Viy which it was 'girt' (Lv 8') round the waist. Ihe ephod was worn over a blue frock, woven entiiely of blue, and put on by being drawn over the head, something in the manner of a cassock (but without arms), called the ' robe ('?'V9) of the ephod.' The skirt of this robe was adorned with a border of pome- granates in colours, with golden bells between them, the sound of which was to be heard whenever the High Priest was ministering in tlie Holy Place (Ex 28»''"). On the front of the ephod was fiustened the jewelled BREAST-PLATK, containing the pocket or pouch in which were put the Urim and Thumniim, or sacred lots (Ex 28i«- an., Lv 8»).t
2. There is, however, a second group of passages in which 'ephod ' has been supposed to denote, not a priestly garment, but some Kind of idol or image, a. In Jg 8^'- Gideon is said to have msAe an 'ephod' of the gold rings J: taken from the Ishmaelites and Midianites, which he ' set ' — or ' stood ' (is:!, implying location somewhat more definitely than cif;\ ; see Gn ."JO" 43", and of the
• According to others, ' the batut of the ephod,' 370 Iieing supposed to be transixised from V^O, Tlie verb S*J^ is, how- ever (in connexion with dreu), used only of binding on head- gear.
t It is possible that the ephod was of Egyptian origin. At least V. Ancessi (Annaiee de ^ihilos. thrHief\ne, 1872, pp. 46, 47) gives illustrations from Lepsius, Denknmter, iii. plates '2:lia, d, iHb (cf. '-2'iA), of dinne and royal personages having similarly a richly decorated garment round the body, supported by two shoulder-straps, fastened at tlie top by a gem. ana securvd round the waist by a girdle.
I ' It' in v.37i refers naturally only to the 'gold' of 1 .*■■ ; th« crescents, etc., of v.^^ do not si-em to be included.