ETHNI C^K).— An ancestor of Asaph (1 Ch 6", oaJled in v." Jeatherai). See Genealogy.
ETHNOLOGY.— See Races.
EUBULUS (Eff^ouXos).— A leading member of the Christian community at Rome, who sends greeting to Timothy through St. Paul at the time of the second imprisonment (2 Ti 4^'). His name is Greek, but nothing further is known of him.
\V Lock
EUERGETES (Prol. to Sirach).— See Bene- FACnn:.
EUMENE8 (EiiJiey^,, • well-disposed ') IL, king of PergamuH, succeeded his father Attains in n.C. 197. Through the friendship of Rome he secured a large extension of his territories, so that his kingdom became for a time one of the greatest in the East. In B.C. 169 he was suspected of secret correspondence with the enemies of Rome, but died (probably in B.C. 159 ; see Clinton, F. U. iii. 403, 406) before an open rupture took place. The principal authorities for his life are I/ivy (Ann., esp. bk. zzxvii. and Epit. xlvi.), Polybms, and Appian, with Strabo xiii. p. 264, and Justin xxxL,
8, xxxii. 4. In 1 Mac 8' the Romans »re said to have taken ' the country of India and Media and Lydia ' from Antiochus the Great, and to have given these dominions to E. The MSS agree in this reading, which is, however, impossible, since India was never under the rule of Antiochus. Media, too, on account of its eastward position, is not likely to have ever been ceded to E. The best correction is to substitute, with Michaelis, Mjsia for Media, and, with Grotius, Ionia for India. In agreement witli this are Livy's statements (xxxvii. 44) that the Roman Senate required from Antiochus the cession of all Asia north of the Taurus, and of these districts granted (xxxvii. 55) the part north of the M;eander to Eumenes. R. W. Moss.
EUNICE (EiiWiti), so Tisch., WH, with all the uncial MS.S ; not EiVels^, as TR with many cur- sives).— The mother of Timothy, and probably the daughter of Lois (2 Ti 1'). The name is Greek, so that conceivably she may have been a proselyte ; but this is not a necessary inference, and more probably she was by birth a Jewess ("louSafas, Ac 16'). She was married to a Gentile husband, and, probably out of deference to his prejudices, her son was not circumcised ; but she gave him a God-fearing name(T</«)-9eos), and trained him care- fully in the OT Scriptures (2 Ti 3"). She was probably converted to Christianity on St. Paul's first visit to Lystra, as she is described as already a believer on the second visit (Ac 16'). She is not mentioned afterwards, but the curious addition of X^/>a! (Ac 16') in cursive 25, and the substitution of it for 'lovbalas in Gig. fu., may embody a tra- dition of her widowhood ; this would give a fresh point to the injunction in 1 Ti 5*. W. LOCK.
EUNUCH (D-ip, (rriSuiv, dvovxoi). — 0")ij is rendered in AV eunuch, otiicer, chamberlain. The employ- ment of eunuchs in Oriental courts was one of the base accompaniments of polygamy and despotism. The harems of the inonarciis were committed to their charfje, and they frequently superintended the education of young princes. Much inlluence was thus at times acquired by them in allUirs of state (see Rawlin.son, Anc. Mon. iv. 175). They were often closely connected with the palace intrigues, which played so important a part in Oriental history. It seems that the Heb. word was also used in a wide sense of persons not emasculated, who held offices which were usually entrusted to eunuclis. Such is probably its use in the case of Potiphar (Gn 39' ; Whiston's Jus. Ant. X. X. 2n.). Where tlie word occurs in 1 and 2 K, it is sometimes difficult to determine whether it bears its proper or its derived signilication. Hero- dotus (viii. 105) says that 'among the barbarians eunuchs are more valued than others on account of their perfect fidelity,' and instances the case of Hermotimus, who was highly esteemed by Xerxes. Xcnophon (Cyrnp. vii. 5. GU 11'.), in giving the reasons why Cyrus employed them, alludes to the alleged fact that their having no domestic ties rendered them capable of peculiar devotion to the interests of their masters, and of gratitude to those who conferred honour and consideration upon them They also naturally adhered to one able to protect them, as they found themselves objects of contempt to other men. He denies the allegation that they are lacking in vigour and excellent qualities, and illustrates their tendencies by the ca.se of ' dogs, which, when castrated, cea.se to desert their masters, but are not at all less fitted for watching and the chase.'
The Law of I)t 23' (cf. Lv 22=») attaches a religious st igma to the condition. (See, for the prob. grouml of this. Driver on Dt 23'). The prediction in 1 S 8" was designed to intimate the deterioration of the
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EURAQUILO
Dational life consequent upon the establisliraent of the kingdom, througli the adoption of unsanctioned Gentile customs. Ace. to Herodotus (vi. 32), the Persians made eunuchs of tlie goodliest of the youth of captured countries ; but as to whetlier Daniel and his companions were thus treated by the Bab. conquerors, no absolutely certain conclu- sions can be reached (cf. 2 K 20"' **). Eunuchs were in the coui-ts of the Herods in our Lord's time (Jos. Ant. XV. vii. 4; XVI. viii. 1); hence His allusion to them (Mt 19'-) as familiar to His hearers. See ETHIOPIAN EuNUCH.