In 1 P 313 the edd. prefer ?nX«T«; aft«r the beet MSS to tM^riTdt of TR, hence ' zealous ' in RV for AV ' followers.'
J. Hastings. FOLLY.— See Fool.
FOOD. — I. The material eaten for the sustenance of the body is often mentioned in the Bible, in AV most commonly as bread, but often as meat, occasionally as food or victuals. Sjk3 ma'akhrd, or victual in general, is used about 29 times, always in its literal sense ; unh lehem, literally bread, is used for food in general about 230 times, and is often used figuratively (see Bread). "?;."< 'okhel is used 42 times for food or ^actuals in the literal sense, and the cognate 'okhlah is used by Ezekiel for fuel, in the sense of food for the fire. In the NT fSpwfia is the word used 17 times, and Tpotp-q 16 times, ^p^ai^ is used 4 times bj' St. John and 5 times in the Epistles, often in a metaphorical sense. The commonest metaphorical uses are (1) that wliich refreshes the soul, doing the will of God, .In 4''' ; and in a cognate sen.se Christ our Saviour is the food of the soul, Jn 6" ; (2) advanced doc- trinal teaching, 1 Co 3S He 5'*; (3) mere cere- monial observances, He 9'° 13* (for other usea see
IJRKAI)).
11. Foodstuffs.— Accordingto Gn l^theoriginal food of mankind consisted of fruits and seeds wliich the earth produced naturally. In this rcs])cct man resembled tliose of the higher mammals which are most nearly allied to liim in structure, which arc for tlie most part herbivorous and frugivorous. After the primary dispersion tlie siioils of the cha,se were added to the primitive dietary even from the earliest times, for the broken bones of wild animals and the shells of molluscs which had served a.s food are among the earliest traces of
primeval man as yet discovered. There were mighty hunters even before Nimrod (Gn 0" lO*), and implements of the chase were among the first of man's inventions.
In process of time, as agricultural and pastoral industries developed, tlie produce of the tilled field and of the herd and tlock supplied men with additional food-stutis (Gn 4- »• ■'• '*). The ex- pression of the divine sanction for these additions, recorded in Gn 9^ seems to have for its special object the injunction of the taboo concerning the eating of blood.
A. The inhabitants of the Bible lands lived chiefly on vegetable food. At tlie present day, bread, olives and oil, butter, milk, and cheese, fruit and vegetables, with meat on special occasions, or in particularly wealthy households, make up the dietary of most of their descendants in the East (Thomson, i. 98). The stai}' of life was, and is, bread made of cereal grains, especially wlieat, millet, dhClrah, and barley, to which is now added rice, unknown in Bible times (see Bread).
(a) Parched corn is 5 times mentioned as an article of diet, and is coupled with bread in Lv 23'''. One form of this, called -'i; (k&li), was made of the common, nearly ripe wheat by heating the grain on an iron ' girdle ' (Lane, i. 251 ; Robinson, ii. 50), or by binding the ears into wisps and roasting them over the fire (ib. iii. 393). In Arabic kali means anything done in the frying-pan, and the material of the parclied corn may be meal, or polenta, or flour, or else the unground grain. It is a common food of labourers (Ru 2'''), and is sold ready ]irepared in Eastern towns as a convenient food for travellers. Da\nd brought 3 pecks of it to his brethren at Elah (1 S 17") ; and Abigail brought 5 pecks to David's men (1 S 25'*). In Lv 2''' ' green ears of com dried by the fire ' are mentioned, and in Lv 23''' these are coupled -nith parched com. This form is made, according to Abu'l Walid, of finer garden wheat, which is called ^j-)3 karmel (2 K 4^-). In RV this is called ' bruised corn of the fresh ear,' alluding to its being beaten in a mortar (Pr 27-'^). When this bruised corn was dried in the sun it was called niDT rlphCth (Pr 27", 2 S 17"), Grain of this kind was used to cover the well in which Ahiniaaz and Jonathan were hidden at Bahurim (LXX iparfiuS, Vulg. siecans ptisnna). The flour and parched corn of 2 S \T^ is called S.\(vpov Kai dXipirov, flour and polenta or meal in LXX (see Herod, vii. 119). 'AX0ITOC is used in Homer for barlej'-meal only, but Hippocrates uses this word for meal in general. For classic and Hebrew usage of polenta see Gruner, de ohlatione Primitiarum, in Ugolini, vol. xvii. Rojle has contended that kali is not corn, but some leguminous plant, as kalce is the Hindi for pulse ; but R. Salomon in his Commentary on Aboda Zara says tliat there are two kinds — one of corn and one of cicer or lentiles. For mention of parched peas see Plautus, Ban-fi. iv. 5. 7, and Horace, de art. poet. 249. Robinson speaks of a variety of this parched corn wliich is first boiled, then bruised in a mill to take oil' the husk, then dried ; this is named burgoul (ii. 394). According to Burckhardt, burgoul is wheat boiled witli leaven and dried in the sun, cooked by being boiled with butter and oil. It is the common dish with all classes in Syria (Notes, i. 59).