2. 31V 'ArObh, Km6iima, omne genus muscarum, EV Ex 8»'-" swarms of flies, AV Ps 78" 105" divers sorts of Hies, RV swarms of flies. In all three passages LXX gives (cw6/niiia, dog fly, a word the significance of which in Greek is not clear. The Kabbins interpret 'ArOhh as referring to a mix- ture of noxious insects, as if from mv drab, to mix. Some have argued from Ex 8" 'there remained not one,' that the fly referred to must be a definite species, which was sent as a plague, and totally destroyed at its close. But even if the expression ' not one ' is to be pressed to its literal interjiretation, it woiild not necessarily imply that the swarms were all of one kind. They might have been 'divers sorts.' The fact that the swarms of flies ' devoured ' the Egyptians, has been supposed to imply that they were flies that bit them. But, apart from the fact that a biting fly could hardly be said to devour its victim, the true interpretation is to be sought in the comparison of the two members of the parallelism, ' flies which devoured them, and frogs which destroyed them.'
Both are strong expressions of the ruinous natun of the plague, and in both the reference is probably more to the corruption of their food and drink than to the destruction of their bodies. As it is im- possible to determine whether a particular insect, or a mixture of Insects, is intended, we may accept swarms of flies as conveying the essential meaning in the passages in question. See PLAGUE.
A resident in the cooler parts of Europe and America can hardly realize the number and per- sistence of the flies which swarm in Egypt and Syria. They not only defile food, but convey con- tagion, particularly that of ophlluilmia, diphtheria, and, one kind of fly, that ofmalignant pustule. They also deposit their eggs in wounds and sores, and sometimes in the nose and ears of filthy people, and their larvie hatch out, and fill these cavities, to the great distress and injury of the unfortunate patient.
G. E. Post.
FODDER occurs only once in AV (Job 6" as tr° of V'^a, strictly mixed food, farrago [see Oxf. Heb. Lex.]). RV not only retains the term here, but introduces it in Jg 19^', where the denom. vb. S'pa ('give fodder,' AV ' give provender ') occurs. The same Heb. word ^'h^ occurs in Job 24', but here RV has 'provender' (AV 'com'), and in Is 30** ( AV and RV ' provender '). This last term (see Provender) is more frequently the tr° of msap Gn 242»- 32 42" 43", Jg 19". See further under Agriculture.
FOLD.— (^) In OT.— 1. rrni (only in plur.), properly the walls or fences erected to shelter and defend the flock, Nu 32"- »*■ ", Zeph 2«. 2. -a^ Is 5" Mic 2'* prob. means 'pasture' (so RV), but both the text and the meaning of this passage are doubtful (see Nowack, ad loc.). 3. nSjP, a tran- scriptional error for K7:p (from kVj 'shut up') in Hab 3". The correct form appears in Ps 50^ 78™. 4. mj 'farm' or 'homestead (2 S 7'), including both farm-house and lands ; often used in con- nexion with sheep and shepherds (Is 65'", Jer 33'^), and also poetical for ' habitation,' whether of men or flocks (Is 23^, Jer 31» of Jems. ; Pr 3^ of the righteous ; Ex 15", 2 S 15^ of J"). 5. [nx:] only in pi. const. niKj ' pastures ' (Jl 2», Ps 65'=, Jer 23'», Am 1", where see Driver's note). 6. D;nBy', which in AV of Ps 68" is tr'' 'pots,' prob. means 'sheep- folds ' (so RV), like 7. D:n?f ? Gn 49'* (of Issachar ' couching between the sheepfolds ' [RVj, ' between two burdens ' [AV]), Jg 5" (of Reuben ; see Moore's note). 8. In Is 13^ where AV has ' neither shall the shepherds make their fold there,' it is a verb that is used, \"^y}, which RV accurately tr. ' make their flocks to lie down.' 9. In 2 Ch 3'2* n\-r\^ onnv cannot mean as in RV ' flocks in folds ' ; tne A V ' cotes for flocks ' is prob. correct, although this involves a transposition and the reading dtt.^^ nSfu (see Kittel in SBOT, ad loc.).
(B) In NT. — 1. oiXi), the enclosed space or conrt within which the sheep were penned, Jn 10'- ". 2. Toi^n). In Jn 10" AV has ' there shall be onefold,' a mistranslation which suggests an erroneous doctrine of the Church. The meaning is correctly given bv RV ' they shall become one/lock ' (cf. Mt '26»', Lk"2», 1 Co9*).
Folds were used mainly as a protection at night from wild beasts (cf. Gn 3\*>, 1 S 17**). They con- sisted of an enclosure surrounded by a stone wall (Nu 32"), by preference near a weft (Ex 2'"-, Ps 23-), and had often the extra protection of a tower (Gn 35^' (?), 2 Ch 26», Mic 4*). The flocks were carefully counted as they passed in and out (Jer 33"). Sometimes a number of flocks might be kept in one fold under the charge of a ' porter' {BvpupSt), wlio opened to each shepherd as he came to reclaim his Hock (Jn lO*). See further under Shkkp, I Shepherd. J. A. Sklbis.