.' But, like the owner of a foul disease. To keep it from di^^^lging, let it feed Even on the pith of hfe ' ;
and Lear, I. i. 167 —
' Kin thy physician, and the fee bestow Upon thy fouJ disease."
2. From this to moral uncleanness the step was easily and early made. In AV it is so applied only to unclean spirits, and only twice, Mk 9 , Rev 18^ (both aKaBapTos),
The adj. tLKuSxpret is used 22 times in NT with *vtv/jM (Mt 2, Mk 11, Lk 6, Ac 2, Rev 2)and once witli T^tZfca. 3«ei,u.i».'oi/ (Lk 433). Tindale translates by ' unclean spirit ' t'enerally, but he grives 'f.nil spirit' in Mk V^ 69 7'^, Lk 43« 6'8 8=9, and is always followed by Cov., Cran., Gen., and (except in Mk T^) Bish. Wyclif., and the Rhem. NT, after Vulg. spiritictt iinmundun, have ' unclean spirit ' everywhere. AV seems quite accidentally to retain ' foul ' in Mk 925 ; i,ut in Rev 182 jt is probably retained for variety, the same Gr. word as applied to birds being tr<* * unclean ' in the same verse. RV gives ' unclean ' everj'where.
Since iKdBapros is properly ceremonially unclean, the moral element is less prominent than when wofripis is applied to 7rvEU;na (Mt 12''°, Lk 7^' 8^ U'-^, Ac 191" i3.i».'i»_ A.V 'evil' or ' wicked,' RV always ' evil '), and consequently ' foul ' with its suggestion of separation through loathsomeness is a very appropriate tr", and is frequently used of evil spirits, or their abode, in English literature. Thus Shaks. Tarn, of Shrew, Indue, ii. 17 —
* O, that a mighty man of such descent. Of such possessions and so liiirh esteem. Should be infused with so foul a spirit.'
Cf. Watts, Ps cxxi. (L. M.) 25—
' Oq thee foul spirits have no power.*
Shaks. has ' foul devil ' {Kii-h. ///. I. ii. 60), and often 'foul fiend (14 times, of which 11 are in A'.
Lear and always in the mouth of ' Edgar '), aa Rich. in. I. iv. 58—
' With that, methoughta, a legion of foul fieoda Environed me.'
3. ' Foul ' is often set in opposition to fair, and that (1) in the sense of ugly. Thus Chaucer, Clerk- Merchant (E. 1209)—
' If thou be fair, therfolk ben in presence Shew thou thy visage and thyn apparaille ; If thou be foul, be fre of thy "dispence. To gete thee frendes ay do thy travaille.'
This is the meaning of Job 16" ' My face Is foul with weeping,' though RVm gives 'defiled,' as if a closer rendering of the Heb. (i?l?n) ; but the Heb. root is to be red, and the most probable tr" 'my face is red with weeping.' So Livingstone, Select Biog. 306, ' When he came out all his face was foull with weeping.' (2) As applied to weatlier : 1 Es 9" (Xfi/iMV), 9" (Cipa xap^epiv-q}, and Mt 16^ (x^ip.uv).
4. Foul is twice found in AV with the meaning of disgraceful : Sir 5'* ' a foul shame is upon the thief ' [aliTxvt'ii ; RV ' upon the thief there is shame ') ; 20^ ' A lie is a foul blot in a man' {fiu/io! vovripds). Examples of both phrases are found in Shaks. Thus Eich. III. I. iii. 249—
'Hast. False-boding woman, end thy frantic curse, Lest to thy harm thou move our patience.' Q. Marg, Foul shame upon you ! you have all moved mine' ;
and Much Ado, HI. i. 64—
' Nature, drawing an antick, Made a foul blot.'
5. The Amer. RV introduces ' foul ' in the mod. sense of dirty : Is 19" 'And the rivers shall become foul ' (AV ' And they shall turn the rivers far away'; RV 'And the rivers shall stink'). So Job 30' Cov. 'Their dwellinge was beside foule brokes.' This is tlie meaning of the verb ' to foul' in Ezk 32* 34'*- ", its only occurrences, where it re- fers to the polluting of running water.
J. Hastings.
FOUNDATION.— In the OT the words 'found' and ' foundation ' are for the most part tr" of ip; and its derivatives, which are freely used in a metaphorical as well as a literal sense. The foun- dation stones of some of Solomon's buUdings are described as huge and costly (1 K 7'"). In con- nexion with the laying of the foundation stone various superstitious rites were widely practised, the oti'ering of a human victim being a not in- frequent accompaniment of the ceremony (see Trumbull, Thrcsliald Covenant, 22, 51, 55 ; Strack, Der Biutaberiilaubc, 68). It is possible that the record of such an incident was embodied in the original form of the tradition preserved about Hiel the Betlielite, ' He laid the foundation [of Jericho] on (? 3) Abiram his firstborn, and set up the gates thereof on his youngest son Segub' (1 K 16**).
In NT ' foundation ' is used in two distinct senses, .'in active and a passive. In the former sense it represents narajSoX-^ (properly ' founding'), which (except in He 11" KaTa^oX-i] aw^pjMiTos, u.sed of Sarah) is confined to the collocation kotoiSoXt) xiKr^iov, ' tlie foundation of the world,' Mt 13" 25", Lk U", Jn 17'^, Eph l^ He 4' 92«, 1 P !»>, Rev 13' 17». In the passive sense 'tlie foundations of the earth' (j-iN 'itic, once Job 3S" cjin ' pedestals,' once Ps 1(>4' nijijn 'bases') frequently appears in OT, Mic 6*, Is 24" 40-', Jer 31", Ps 82>, Pr 8». The passive sense of the word is in NT represented by Oip^Xiot (both literal and metaphorical). This word is used, e.(}., in our Lord's simile of the two buildings (Lk 6*"'), as well as in St. Paul's simile of the buildinjr tested by fire (1 Co 3""'-)- Tn 1 Co 3" the Church s foiindaiion is Christ, in Eph 2-" she is built upon the foundation of (the gospel of) the apostles and (NT) prophets, Jesus Curist being the chief corner-stone.