along the line of the great ' fault,' by which the valley is tra- versed. (See Arabad.)
• Jos. Ant. xvni. ii. 3. t Lynch, Off. Rep. p. 202.
t Robinson, Phr/s. Geog. Holy Land, 24.
§ Tristram, Land of Moab, xiii. 247 ; Conder, Heth and Moab, 14.1, 149.
jj Jos. Ant. ivu. VI. 5. This spring is also supposed to be that called ' En-eglaim * (spring of the calves), Ezk 4710.
U Lartet, Voy. d'Kxptor. 291.
•• Tristram, Land of Israel, 306. ft lb. pp. 2.'i2-256.
tt Tent-Work in Palestine, p. 60. 8§ lb. pp. G9, U7.
Ill) The springs rise at a level of about 1000 feet above the Medi- terranean, and are joined by the watere of the Ilasbany coming down from the western slopes of Hermon (Conder, Tent- Work, 215 ; Tristram, Land of Israel, 684).
IJ^I E.\p]ored bv Robinson in 1S:{8. and by Warren and Conder, SWP pt. 11. 346 (iSS6), also Uemwru nf Jeruealem. ZhT.
'•• Oenerallv known as the Silnam tablet ; .'SWP ii. 340 (1886) ; RrcoDery of Jerusalem, 257 ; ZD.Mll (1882), pp. 725-760; .Savce, UCM 3779. ; Driver, Beb. Text qf Sam. xv. ; PUcher, PSBA, xix. 16511.
FOUNTAIX GATE
FOWL
6S
furth from the limestone rock above the upper pool. The water is still carried by a conduit to Bethle- hem, and also fertilizes 'the gardens of Solomon' in the valley below. E. HULL.
FOUNTAIN GATE.— See GATE and JERUSALEM.
FOUR.— See Number.
FOURSQUARE Now that 'square' is confined
to that which has /our equal sides, 'foursquare' is looked upon as redundant, though writers like Ruskin, steeped in biblical phrase ■'osry, ase it still. Formerly 'square' meant simply equal- aided, and the number of sides had to be expressed. Thus ' fivesquare,' 1 K 6^'™, taken from the text of the Geneva Bible, ' the upper poste and side postes were fiue square.' ' Foursquare ' is used of the altar of burnt-ottering (Ex 27' 38'), of the incense-altar (Ex 'J(i- ST'^), and of the hijjh priest's breastplate (28" 39'), the meaning being clearly expressed in 30" 'A cubit shall be the length thereof, and a cubit the breadth thereof; foursquare shall it be' (y»D^). It is also used of the borders of the brazen bases in Solomon's temple (1 K 7^' y?"i?) ; of the inner court of Ezekiel's temple (Ezk 40") and of the ' holy oblation ' (4S-<') ; and, finally, of the holy city, new Jerusalem (Rev 21'", rerpdywi'os).
FOWL. — The word ' fowl,' now restricted to the domestic cock and hen, ' the barn-door fowl,' was formerly applied to all feathered animals, and occa- Bionally even to all winged creatures. Thus Sir 1 1' in Wyclif's tr" of 1382 is ' Short in foules (Vulg. in volatilihus) is a bee,' tho\i<,'h Purvey's Revision of 1388 gives, 'A bee is litil among briddis.' Indeed, when Wyclif has to make a distinction between feathered and unfeathered creatures that >1y, he uses ' fowl ' of the latter : Ezk 39" ' Saye thou to eo!:o bryd, and to alio foulis ' (l!!"'?? itev^ ton, Vulg. die omni vohicri e.t universis avihus), though Rogers and Coverdale reverse the order, ' Speake unto alle the foules and euery byrde.'* And AV uses 'fowls' of unfeathered winged creatures in Lv 11* 'AH fowls that creep, going upon all four, sh.ill be an abomination unto you ' (I'lvn psi ^3). This is Wyclif's tr" 'Alle of foules (13S8, ' Al thing oj foulis') that goth on foure feete ' ; after Vulg. Oinne de volucrihu.i quod graditur super qunt uor pedes ; and Tindale's, 'all foules that crc|ie antl goo upon all iiii. shalbe an abhominacion unto you.' The LXX has itivTa t4 epireTi, twv TtTfivQiv ; RV 'All winged creeping things' (see art. Chkkpino TlilNC.sj.t T. Adams (Worlcs, i. 13) distinguishes 'fowls' from 'flies': 'the e.agles hunt no flies so long as there be fowls in the air.' lie thus uses ' fowls ' exactly as we now use ' birds,' and that was its commonest use by far. Thus Bacon, Essays (Vri^\i\. Trcas. ed. p. 181, 1. 22), 'Why, doe you not think me as wise, as some Fowle are, that ever change their Aboad towards the Winter?'
RV acceiits the AV rendering 'fowl' or ' fowls' ihroughout OT, except Lv 11-", Ezk 30", already noted, and in the three passages in which the Heb. is B'k 'aijit, a bird of prey : Gn 15" (RV ' birds of prey'). Job 28' (ItV 'bird of prey'). Is 18» (RV ' ravenous birds '). Cf. Bacon, Essnijs (n. 240, 1. 2), * But now, if a Man can tame this Monster, and bring her to feed at the hand, and govern her,
• The Oeneva Bilile of 1660 translated more accurately (a» LX.X EiTo. T«*Tj opviM TiTu^aJ), ' Spe.-ike unto euerie leathered foulc.' This wag accepted Ijy AV, with marg. ' to the (owl of every winp.' RV has ' Spe.ili unto the birds of every sort'; 6ie(:fried, Sprich zit dm manni'ifach hrgchwiivjtm Vorjeln.
t This line waa either unknown to or ignored by Shakeapeare when lie wrote. Comedy q/ Krrorit, in. i. 79 —
' 1 pray thee, let uie in. Ay, when towls have no feathers, and ilsli have no fin."
and with her fly other ravening Fowle, and kill them, it is somewhat worth': and Milton, PL X. 274—