Tracheiotis in addition, including Isaura (Strab. p. 569), and he was permitted freely to enlarge Lia kingdom out of non- Roman territory'. Part of Lycaonia, including Derbe and Laranua, had been seized by Antipater, once a friend of Cicero {ad Finn. xiii. 73) ; this was conquered by Amyntaa (Strab. p. 569), but he soon afterwards perished, in B.C. 25, in attempting to reduce the Ilomonades, a people on the borders of Lj'caonia, Pisidia, and Isauria (in the country south and east of Btj- Sheher lake).
The kingdom of Amyntas passed with his whole property to the Romans, and a new Roman pro- vince was constituted, called Galatia, doubtless because Amyntas had been since 36 currently known to the Romans as king of Galatia (compare Asia). The sudden deatli of Amynta-s caused great confusion ; months must have elapsed before news reached Rome, and instructions came back after deliberation. Lollius was named as first governor of Galatia Provincia. He needed an army to carry out the change. Thus time elapsed, and only in B.C. 20 was the question of frontier and bounds settled. Pamphylia was apparently not included in the new province, though some- times the old attachment remained (Tacitus, Hi.<<t. ii. 9). Tracheiotis was given to Archelaos, king of Cappadocia, being tacked on to Eastern Lycaonia {i.e. Kybistra, etc.)* as an eleventh or 'added' Stratcqia of Cappadocia {ivSeKirri or i-n-iKTTjros, Strab. pp. 535, 537; cf. Appian, Bell. Mithr. 105, 114). Strabo (p. 671) says emphatically that the same extent of Cilicia Tracheiotis was ruled by Arche- laos as had been held previously by Cleopatra (36- 31) and Amyntas (30-25) ;t cf. also the inscription CIA iii. 545. Archelaos in A.D. 17 was summoned to Rome and degraded. He had been a weak prince, and when he, a few years previously, became temporarily insane, Augustus had appointed a tutor, and had also taken from him part of Tracheiotis, permitting Ajax about A.D. 11-12 J to become high priest of Kennatis and Lalassis with right of coinage. Cappadocia became a province in A.D. 17, but apparently Archelaos, son of the old king, was allowed to retain Eastern Lycaonia and part of Cilicia, while M. Antonius Polemon be- came dynast of Olba, Kennatis, and Lalassis,§ and reigned at least 11 years. In 36 Archelaos II. was king in Tracheiotis, and his attempt to take a census after the Roman style caused a revolt in Ketis, which seems to imply that Antonius Pole- mon's rule had passed to Archelaos (Tacitus, Ann. vi. 41 ; Expositor, April 1897, p. 281). In 37 Tracheiotis and Eastern Lycaonia were given to Antiochus, king of Commagene ; and though he was disgraced soon, yet Claudius in 41 restored his kingdom.ll He struck coins with the legend ATKA- 0Ni2N, implying probably that Laranda was added to his kingdom (it had been in the province since
* This Lycaonian strategia, originally extending up to Derbe, was given by Pompey to Arjoharzanes, king of Cappadocia, in B.O. 64 ; but Antipater seized Derbe and Laranda, defying the Roman policy (apparently in the troubles following 60, Strab. p. 635). The Roman governoi-s of Phrygia and Cihcia, B.C. 6l>- 50, retained the right of passage across by KybistJU from Iconium to Tarsus (Cicero, Fam. iv. ii. 2, iv. 4 ; Att. V. iviii. 1, XX. 2).
t Ketis must be included in this kingdom, and cannot there- fore have been under sep-irate dynasts with right of coinage, as some scholars have thought, at any period between b.c. 38 and the disgrace of Archelaos ; but Aba ruled Olba under Cleopatra as overlord till 31 (Strab. p. 672).
I Coins of his second j'ear name Augustus^ of his fifth year Tiberius (W^addington, ilrlajui''s de Xuiaism. li. p. 120).
§ He is mentioned by Strabo (p. 556), who makes him grand- son of Polemon, king of Pontus ; but probably the text iJ falsely arranged, and Strabo refers to the son of Polemon (who first held rule witliout title under his mother, queen Pytho- doris, after Polemon died, and then about a. D. 17 or 18 wa* made dynast of Olba ; see Ramsay, Church in Ram. Emp. p. 427 f.).
II But he gave Olba, Kennatis, and Lalassis to Polemon IL Un| of Pontus (see ttelow, Waddiugton, I.e. p. 129).
GALATIA
GALATIA
87
B.C. 25, Ijut it was the key to Traclieiotis, and neces.sary for successful administration of the kingdom). Thus Derbe came to be the frontier city of the Roman Province ; and it was probably this important position that led to its receiving the honorary title Claudio-Derbe.
G. Provincia had meanwhile been enlarged also on the north-east, and contained, when St. Paul visited it, the following districts in addition to G. Proper (all are mentioned in inscriptions of the 1st century under these names) : (1) Paphlnrjonia, incor|iorated B.C. 5 (probably on death of Deiotarus Philadelphus).* (2) Parts of Pontus, incorporated at various dates (Sebastopolis, Amaseia, and prob- ably Gazelonitis in B.C. 2-1, Comana in A.D. 34-35), and called as a whole Pontus Galaticus, i.e. Pontus belonging to G. as distinguished from Pontus Polemoniacus, which was governed by Polemon II. (that kingdom was ruled by Polemon II. A.D. 37-63, his mother Tryphoena V)eing associ- ated with him until 54 : t in 63 it also was incor- porated in Galatia, but retained the distinguish- ing name Polemoniacus). (3) Phrygia, including ApoUonia, Antioch, and Iconium (wh. see) : as contrasted with Phri/gin A s iana {Ga.\en, r. rp. dvp. iv. p. 312, vi. ]). 515 Kuhn), it would naturally he termed Phrygia Galatica (a title preserved only in a note of martyrdom. Acta Sa7ictorum, 28th Sept., p. 563, where Galacice is printed) : see Phrygia. (4) Pisidia, Ac 14^. (5) Part of Lycaonia, in- cluding the cities Lystra and Derbe, and some other places not yet organized as cities (such as Hyde, Barata, Perta, etc., summed up in Ac 14'' as 7) irepix^pos). In contrast to Lycaonia ipsa (Pliny, Nil v. 95), i.e. the non-Roman country governed by Antiochus and styled Lycaonia Antiochiana (CIL x. 8600), it was doubtless called Lycaonia Gnliitica, like Pontus Galaticus, Phrygia Gnlatica. (6) Isauria, the territory attached to the city Isaura, and called 'laavpiKi) (x'^P"-) by Strabo, pp. 568, 569. It has been maintained that the name G. was never employed in correct official usage to denote this large composite province, and tliat the proper and technical usage was to designate tlie province by enumerating its component parts. This position is untonalile, and has been frankly abandoned by one of its champions, Prof. E. Schiirer (Theolog. Litteraturztg. 30th Sept. 1893). The following arguments are decisive against it.