GALATIA, REGION OF, more strictly rendered Galatie Region (7; raXarixT) xi^P^i Ac 18-'; ^ 't'piryla Kal raXaTi/ri) X'^P"-' Ac 16*), is a phrase diftieult to explain, because it takes us into the popular topo- graphical terminology of a district and a period that are utterly obscure.
I. According to the North-Galatian theory, and also according to Zahn, who holds the South- Galatian view in all essentials, this term is merely a synonym for VaXarta in the common sense of G. Proper. The difficulty in accepting this ap- parently simple interpretation is that the use of the term VaXanKT) X"/"*! where raXaria should be expected, is not supported by analogy. The only analogy quoted is iirl 'AyKvpas t^s raXaTtv^y, Arrian, Awih. ii. 4. I ; but this denotes, not ' Ancyra of the Galatie country,' as is a.ssumed, but ' Ancyra the Galatie 'as distinguished from Ancyra the Phrygian (r^ '^pvyiaK^, Strab. p. 567) ; Arrian, in describing the period of Alexander the Great, uses the word by anticipation. If the reference in Ac 16* 18^ is to G. Proper, all Greek usage, earlier and later alike, demands that the noun roXaWo should be used ; and this is all the more necessary if (as is maintained on this view) it is coupled with the noun 'ipvyla. The defenders of this interpreta- tion can hardly plead that the obscurity of the subject should he accepted as an excuse for their failure to explain the rea.son of this perplexing and unnecessary deviation from common nomen- clature ; because the adj. Ta\aTtKb^ is used with comparative frequency in the topographical termi- nology of that period, and always in a well-marked and characteristic way. This point needs careful study. There is a regular tentlency to distinguish the scope of the derived adjective in -<(c6s from the simple word : thus, for example, ol '.VrraXnoi fiaaiXeis are the whole dynasty of^ wliich the -■Vttali were the most prominent members (Strab. p. 288) : (pya I'aXaTiKa are deeds perpetrated by anybody similar to (pya rCiv VaXaruiv : FaXartKAy K6\voi, ^iKeXiKiv TrAa^oj, etc., are the bodies of water adjoining or pertaining to Galatia, Sicily, etc.: T) laai'piKi) xwpa was the whole region of which I.saura was the leading city, but it did not all belong to I.saura. Many examples might be quoted ; but the closest parallel to the pair of terms roXaTuij x^P" ^^'^ TaXarfo is Ao/tain*^) yij and AoKuKa. AokuWo is the old historic land of Laceda'inonia ; but AaitwmJ) yi) comprises the entire region which had jia.-i.scd under Spartan rule and been added to Laconia, including Mcs- senia and the land near Pylos (Thuc. ii. 25, iv. 41, v. 34 ; -Xen. Hell. vi. 2. 9 and 31). As Spartan power dwinilled, yij AasufKri) shrank in extent till it practically coincided with Laconia. The dis- tinction is analogous to that between 'British territory' ami ' IJritain ' ; the former being enor mouslj' wider than the latter. There are cases in which, for some special purpose, the wider tern
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GALATIA, REGION OF
GALATIA, REGION OF
may be used about the smaller country ; but in orciinary expression the wider terra is used only about tlie enlarged country. It is not safe to say more than that a tendency exists to observe this distinction ; as time goes on, its delicacy often leads to its being blurred.* In the adj. I'aXaTnis the distinction is well observed. In an Iconian inscription of A.D. 54, the enlarged Galatia Pro- vincia is raXaru)) iirapxeia. (CIG 3'.I91) ; the part of Pontus included in the province is called raXaTi\us in many inscriptions and in Ptolemy : siniilarlj-, the corresponding term Phrygia Galatica once occurs. If St. Luke used TaXaTiK i; x^pa where TaXaria would have been the simple and clear term, he contra- dicts all that we know of contemporary usage, ind yet attains no conceivable purpose thereby. The Greek-speaking population of Asia Minor ordinarily called Galatia Proper FaXarfa, and ]'2nlarged Galatia TaXanK-fi (usually with some noun) : only when they adopted the Roman point of view, Greek-speaking persons occasionally and for some special purpose used FaXaria in the Roman sense of the Province. Analogy points to the con- clusion that the Greek Luke would use YoKaTiKn Xiipa to indicate the ProWnce, which the Roman Paul calls FaXaria.
II. Lightfoot argued that in Ac 16' rriv ipnylav Kol VaXaTiKTtv x'^P"-" must denote a single territory to which two epithets are apidicd, ' the region which in ancient time was Phrygian and after- wards Galatian.' This explains why an unusual term was adopted ; but such antiquarian lore is quite out of keeping with the style of Acts. We require here a current term in popular speech, for that is the character of Lukan expression. Zahn, who, like many other scholars, holds that •t'piryiav here must be a noun, demands some case analogous to the double topographical epithet. Lightfoot gave only Lk 3' : we add some from Strabo, p. 19o, t6 tpOXov S vOv VaWiKdv re Kal Ta\arLKbv KoKovcrt ; p. 788 (of the Nile mouths) t& fiiv Ilr]\ov<naKbi> KaXeirai, tA Si Kai-u/SiKiv sai 'Hpa*:Xeia)Tu-6y ; t p. 802 (Xois is defined as) vT^p toO ^e^efvirnKou Kal •t'aTviTtKoO cTofiaTos, i.e. above the Sebennytic-Phatnitic branch in the upper part, where these two branches are still joined, and which may bear either name ; p. 97, TTiv Zkv0{.k}\v Kal KAtiktiv, the (northern) zone that may be called either Scythian or Celtic (after the two chief races that inhabit its eastern and western parts) ; p. 670, roC KiXixIou Kal nai^<pv\lov Tpdwou. The Greek xaL is used to connect alterna- tive names (Latin Hve, seu, English or, alias) ;t and the grammatical character of Lightfoot's construc- tion seems clearly established by these examples. In Ac 18^ FaXaTiKT) x'^P" on his interpretation must be used needlessly for Galatia Proper.