• Bartholomew, the apostle of the Lycaonians, is probabl.? to he connected with the Inner Lycaones of the province Asil {Cities and Bishoprics, i. 709).
GALATIA
GALATIA, REGION OF
89
early tradition ; but Derbe is as little prominent in tr.nlition aa in the narrative of Ac, and the earliest known bishop seems to be Daphnus, 381.
III. In 2 Ti 4'° Tisehenilorf with n reads eh FaXAta;', WH ets FaXariai'. The former reatling would necessitate a new article containing an account of Gaul (TaXXta) : even the latter reading, as many contend, refers to that country (cf. Theod. Mops, ad loc). Gaul is called VaKarla. by many Greek * writers ; and, beyond doubt, that was the current Greek name in the 1st and 2nd cents. ; but it may be doubted whether St. Paul, whose usage in names geographical is thoroughly Roman, t would not here also employ the Roman term, if he meant Gaul. Moreover, it could not escape him that TaXaria would be ambiguous, and would naturally
be understood as Galatia by Timothy, who was resident in Asia ; and it is highly probable that he would not use that term to signify Gaul with-
out employing some of tlie various ways of dis- tinguishing. We must conclude that either St. Paul meant the same country which he elsewhere calls Galatia, or the true reading is TAAAIAN, which would readily be corrupted into TAAATIAN. Manuscript authority, however, is generally con- sidered decisive in favour of TaKaTlav, though Ti.schendorf thinks otherwise. Against Tischcn- dorf's reading it has been stated that TaWla or riXXoi is first used in Greek by Epictetus (or rather Arrian), Dissert, ii. 20. 17 (Lightfoot, Gal. p. 3 note) ; but Strabo (p. 195) has VaWiKbv, used in a way suggesting that he recognized it to be the Roman equivalent to the Greek Ta\aTiK6ii.
Fourth century tradition says that Crescens was sent to Gaul ; and the Churches of Vienne and Mayence claimed him as their founder ; but the latter claim is certainly improbable, and the whole tradition may be founded on a false interpretation of 2 Ti 4'°. There was a natural desire to connect the Gaulish Church with apostolic times ; this would lead to the interpretation of G. in that passage as Gaul ; the name VaWlav would be written as a gloss on the margin, and this false leading finally crept into a few manuscripts. Tillemont's argument {Mf moires pour servir etc., i. art. 52, note 81, pp. 133, 263), that the evangeli- zation of Gaul did not take place so early as this supposed mission of Crescens, has never been seriously shaken, and remains the most probable view.
Even more improbable is the view that in 1 Mac 8^ the reference is to Roman victories in Gaul. At the period in que.stion, about B.C. 160, the Romans had recently conquered Cisalpine Gaul ; but there is no reason to think that this not specially important event would produce any effect on the mmd of the Jews. On the other hand, the Galatians were a terror in Asia for nearly a century ; and even the victories of Attains had only restrained the range of their power, but not broken it. But Manlius marched at will through their land, and defeated them in the heart of their country ; and this event would be noised through the Seleucid dominions, and would naturally suggest to the Jews the desira- bility of entermg into friendly relation.s with a government that could exercise such power on the Seleucid frontier.
LrrKRATURR. — Van Oelder, d^ Oallis in Oraeia «t Asia (1S88) ; Droysen, Getck. det Iletlmijnniu ; Zwintrher, d« Gatatarum Tetrarchitt ; Perrot, de Galatia Frov. Jtotnana, also Exploration Archiolnciitjiu de la Galatie, etc., and .Mhn. d'Archtol. p. 229 n.; Itobiou, llitt. det Qaulo\a d'Orirnt, Paris, 1866 ; Contzen, Die Waiuieruiigrn d^ lieUrn^ Leipzig 18C1 : Thierry, Hw(. det Gaulois (very poor) ; tJio eluDor-
• TxXar/a and TittjiTti are «o used In Diodorus. Strabo, Josephus, Plutarch, /.ppian, Pauaanios, Dio. Cass., AthensuB, •tc.
t Z^n, Sinleiturvi, f 11, A 4, and OALATIAim II.
at« and useful Wcnisilorff, de RppuUica Galatarum, 1748; Clemen, (;/ir(mo?ii;(iV ,(, I'aulin. Urirjc, 2U1 ff. ; Zahn, i'l/^/e* (liny in das iVti/.- t'estaimiU ; the Intruductions to the editions ol tlic Epistle; Itjimsay, Hiatorical Gcoyraphy 0/ Asia ilinor, Ch. H. K. , ChuTdi in the Hornan Umpire^ chs. ii.-vi., AY. Paul the Tmm-ller, chs. v. vi. viii. ; Th. Rcino<;h, Itexme A'umisma- tiqiK, 1S91, p. 377 a.; Niese, hhein. Hue. INSii. p. 5830. On the Galatian controversy the most recent articles are : North- Galatian side. Schiirer, Jahrb. f. protest. Theol. 1832, p. 471, Thenl. Litterll-j. Sept. 30, 1893 ; Chase, Kxixiaitor, Dec. 1893, May 1894; Zocklcr, UK, 1895, p. 519.; Kindlay, Expository Times, vii. pp. J4, 235. South-Galatian side, Uitlord, Expositor, July 1S94 ; Kendall, Expositor, Nov. 1893, Apr. 1894; Holtz- mann, Z/t. /. Kirchl. Gesch. 1893, p. 336 If. ; Ramsay, Expositor, Jan. Feb. Apr. Auj;. 1891, July, Aug. 1895, Expository Timet, vii. pp. 142, 285, Studia Biblica, iv. p. 1711. ; Clemen, ZJt. J. wits. Theol. xxxvii. p. 39U IT. On the Qvellcnkritili, sec Schmidt, de fontibut veteruia attctorum, in enarr. exp^it < Gallit susceptis (Berlin, 1834) ; Mutter, Franjn. Hist. Grcec. iv. p. 040 ; Nissen, Kritische Untersuchungen (Bt^rl. 1863), as well as Van Gelder, etc. (yt:ihelin, d. Gal. in Kleiiiasien, subsequently published, is in agreement). W. ^I. RamsAV.