GALLANT
GALLIO
105
fixion? It is well known that a cup of wine with frankincense in it was given to criminals, just before their execution, to alleviate their pain. Myrrh would have properties similar to those of frankincense. It is possible that the gall of Mt was the same as the myrrh of Mk, the word myrrh being of the same root as the Heb. original of gall (Ps 69'-"), and, like it, signifying primarily bitter. Mt, according to Hengstenberg, gives the word x^^Vt which agrees textually wiUi the LXX of the psalm, that he may point out the pro- phetic character of the latter, and its fuHilment in Christ, while Mk gives the name of the sub- stance used. Tliis substance is said by Mt to have been given in dtos, which means both sour wine and vinegar, and by Mk in oti-os, which is the ordinary word for wine. Here again, ace. to Hengstenberg, Mt aims at textual conformity with the psalmist, while Mk gives the more familiar name. J n also notes the prophecy of thirst (19^, cf. Ps 69-'), and its fulfilment in Christ. The motive of our Saviour, in refusing the potent anaesthetic ottered before His sacrifice was com- plete, would seem to have been His desire to endure all that was appointed for HLm, in 'full conscious- ness of the purpose in view. He only consented to moisten His parched lips and tongue at the last, not to soothe His anguish, but to gain strength enough to enable Him to cry, ' with a loud voice,' ' It is finished,' that is, ' mv work is done, and the world is saved,' and then He bowed His head and gave up the ghost. G. E. Post.
GALLANT.— In Is SS^i as adj., and in Nah 2"°, Zee ll-'" as subst., 'gallant' is employed to tr. the Heb. word inx 'addir, which is also both an a/lj. and a subst. As an adj. 'addir signilies magnificent or majestic ; and as a subst. a great one, a noble. In Is 33^' the adi. is applied to a snip, and it is to be observed that in the same verse the word is used of J" (AV 'glorious,' RV 'in majesty'). In this sense of magnificent the Eng. word ' gallant ' is nearly obsolete. Bunyan (Huly War, Clar. Press ed. p. 8) uses it of a country {as 'addir is applied to a nation in Ezk 32'*, Ev ' famous '), ' Now, tliere is in this gallant country of Universe, a fair and delicate town, a Corporation, called Mansoul.' J. Hastings.
GALLERY.— 1. AV in Ca 7» reads 'The king is held in the galleries.' The Heb. is cennj, whicli, there iano reasonable doubt, means 'in the tresses' (so RV). The king is captivated, that is to say, by the tresses of this 'prince's daughter.' c'crn, prob. of Aramaic origin (Dillm., Siegfried- Stade), is found elsewhere only in Gn 3U-" and Ex 2", in the sense of 'watering troughs.' In Ca 1" the ]ferg has iia'riT (AVm 'galleries'), hut the Kethibh im-nT appears preferable (AV and RV ' rafters ' ; Siegfried - Stade, and Baethgen in Kautzsch's AT, 'Getiifel,' i.e. 'panelling'). 2. P'BX, a word whose etymology and meaning are both obscure. It is found only in the description of Ezekiel's temple, Ezk 41'»-'» 4'2^». In the first of these passages the Kethihh has pwij ; Cornill substitutes n'nn'p ' its walls,' and this meaning, if not reading, appears to be demanded by tlie context (cf. notes of Davidson and Hurtbolet, ad ll.ritt.). The tr" 'colonnade' (Siegfried - Stade, Hdidcngiinge (?), AVm 'walks with pillars') would suit some of the other passages. See further, under Tkmple. J. A. SeLUIE.
GALLEY occurs once in OT (Is 33=' AV and RV), where it is said of the (metaphorical) waters defending Jerusalem 'that no galley with oars' sball enter them. The Heb. is dV 'JK, which would be more correctly tr^ ' no fleet ['in being
a collective noun, .i;jx denoting a single ship] with oars.'
The galley of mediaeval times was the successor or representative of the war-galleys (naves longw) of the Romans, Greeks, and Carthaginians. (See Ships). It consisted of a long narrow open boat worked by oars, but canying one or two masts with lateen sails to be used when the wind was favourable. There was a short deck at the prow for carrying the hghting men, and another at the stem for the captain, knights, and gentlemen. The largest of these vessels were called gallinMes, and were formerly employed by the S'enetians, Spaniards, and Portuguese. These last in the Spanish Armada carried each 110 soldiers and 222 galley slaves. The Venetian galleasses were about 102 ft. long above, and 133 ft. by the keel ; 32 ft. wide, with 23 ft. length of sternpost. They were furnished with three masts and thirty-two banks of oars ; each bank having two oars worked by six or seven slaves, generally chained to the oar. In the prow were three small batteries of cannon, together with guns on each quarter, and the com- plement reached 1000 or 1200 men. Along with these war-vessels of the largest size were the half- galleys, from 120 to 130 ft. in length, furnished with two masts and sails, to be used as required, and carrying five pieces of cannon. Of a size still smaller were the quarter-galleys, provided with twelve to sixteen banks of oars. Galleys were in use on the Thames down to the beginning of the century ; and a common punishment for criminals in England and France was to be ' sent to the galleys ' for life or for shorter periods.