The life of galley slaves in mediieval times Avas miserable in the extreme. They were generally chained to their benches or oars, and compelled to work by boatswains, who occupied a bridge running along the centre of the boat, and were armed with long whips, which tliey applied merci- lessly to the bare backs of the oarsmen. Their food consisted of biscuit, with sometimes a little rice or vegetables ; their drink wsus water often foul, but containing a little vinegar or oil. A galley slave when condemned in perpetuity was, in a civil sense, dead ; he could not dispose of his effects, nor inherit ; if married, his marriage was null ; and his widow could not have any of her dower out of his goods, which were conUscated. Amongst the Mediterranean nations, gallev slaves were generally prisoners of war. E. lluLL.
GALLIM (zM 'heaps'). — A place near Jeru- salem, 1 S 25". It is persondied, along with Anathoth and other towns, in Is lO**. It is generally placed to the N. of Jerus., but may have been to the S., at the modern licit Jala, near which are remarkable stone cairns. See 5' WP vol. iii. sheet xvii.
GALLIO (TaWluv, Ac 18).— Son of M. Ann.-pua Seneca, a Roman eques and rbetoritian, brother of Seneca tlie philosoiiher, and uncle of Lucan the poet. He was born at Cordova, but came witli his father to Rome in the reign of Tiberius. Origin- ally called M. Annajus Novatus, he was adojited bj-, and took the name of, L. Junius Gallio { Dio C. Ix. 35). Under Claudius he became proconsul * of Achaia, probably through the influence of Seneca, who was Nero's tutor, and also pcrhajis, as Renan suggests, on account of his 'haute culture lielliin- ique.' Ho entered on otlice at Corinth during St. Paul's first visit to the city, c. A.D. 52-53. An attack
* Tlie title indicatca that Aclmia was a een&lorial province, and iUuKtratfn tlie writer's arcurary ; for under Tiberius and Caliputn it Inul ln-en imperially governed (Tao. -4rin. 70), and uniler Nero it received t«.*ni|Hirary 'lilK*rtv* In tW or 07 A.D. fSuet. AVro, 24). Claudius transferred the provinoa to th« Senate in 44 A.D.
106
GALLOWS
GAMES
GAMAEL (A ra/iaj;\, B Viin,\os), 1 Eb 8».- -Ib Ezr S-" D^SNIEL (which see, No. 2).
GAMALIEL (Sn-^ds, Ta.na\ii\ = Reward of Ood) — 1. The aon of Psdahzur, and ' prince of tht chUdrcQof Manasseh'iNu lioo^V"-" lO-^*). 2. 'A l^harisee ... a doctor of the law, had in lionour of all the people,' who intervened in the -Sanhedrin on behalf of Peter and the other apostles (Ac d-""**), and the instructor of Saul of Tarsus (.\c 22^). This Gamaliel is generally identilied with tlie famous Rabbi Gamaliel, the grandson of Hillel the founder of the more liberal of the tv/o schools into which the Pharisees were divided. He is known in Jewish writings as Gamaliel ha-zdkcn, i.e. the older, to distinguish him from his grandson Gamaliel II., and frum his high character and learning was the lirst of the seven Jewish doctors who were honoured with the title of Rabban (our Kabbi or Master). All that we can learn of Gamaliel proves him to liave been an open-minded, liberal man, though some of the anecdotes usually cited in support of this, such as the story of tlie Statue and the Bath quoted by Conybeare and Howson, are now known to refer to his grandson Gamaliel ll. Uow far, however, he was in advance of his times is shown by his studies in Greek literature, which by the narrower Rabbis was put on the same level as Egjptian thaumaturgy, and by various humane enactments. Thus he laid it du^vn that the poor heathen should have the same riglits as the poor Jews in gathering the gleanings after han'est, and tliat the Jews on meeting the heathen should extend to them the customary greeting, ' Peace be with you,' even on their feast days, when they were mostly engaged in worshipping theii idols ; while to him are also ascribed certain law? to protect wives against uni)rincipled husbands, and widows against unscrupulous children (see Ginsburg in Kittu's BM. Cycl. , a.rt. 'Gamaliel'). In view of all this, it is easy to understand the attitude which Gamaliel adopted in the Sanhedrin on the occasion of the apostles' trial ; although even there his conduct must be traced ratlier to a prudential dread of violent measures than to a spirit of systematic tolerance. There is nothing certainly to prove that he had at any time a decided leaning towards Christianity, and the traditions that he was a secret disciple (Clement, Hecogn. i. 65), and was baptized by Peter and Paul (Phot. Cod. 171, p. 199), are now universally re- jected. He died, as he had lived, a strict Jew ; and so great was his reputation that, according to the Mishna (Sola, ix. 15), ' with the death of Gamaliel the reverence for the law ceased, and purity and abstinence died away.' It is right to add that Baur and the Tiibingen school tind it so difficult to reconcUe Gamaliel's attitude in Ac 5 with the
Eersecuting spirit afterwards shown by Saul, then is pupil, that they pronounce the whole passage unhistorical. But do pupUs never in later years diverge from their teachers' doctrines ? And may not special circumstances have arisen in connexion with the appearance of Stephen which called forth a fanatic zeal in Saul little in accord with his early training ?