I.iTERATUHE. — Lechler, Apost. and Pogt-Apost. Times, L 76, n. 1; F^rrdkr, L\fe atid IVork o/ SL /*aH^i., Excursus v. 'Gamaliel and the School of Tubinseu'; Schiirer, HJP ii. i. 183, 323, 3l>3f. For the Je\\'igh references to G., Ginsburg, in the art. above cited, refers specially to Frankel, Hodegetica in Misch nam, Lipsiffi, 1859, p. 67 ff. G. MiLLIOAN.
GAMES do not appear in the Scriptures of the Jewish people with anything like the same frequency as on the monuments and in the ancient literature of Egypt and Greece and Rome. Of imblic games like those of ancient Greece there is no mention in the OT, although in ,he Maccabsena
of fever, which he attributed to the climate, led to his departure, and to a sea- voyage for his health (Sen. Ep. 104) ; eventually he returned to Rome (Dio C. Ixi. s.f. ). Seneca's high position after Nero's accession in 54 would secure for G. a continuance of court favour, and he may be the L. Junius to whom a wax tablet found at Pompeii refers as consul under that emperor. Pliny (U^ xxxi. 33) remeriibered a vovage of G. 'post consulatum,' on account of blood-expectoration. When Nero constrained Seneca to kill himself (A.D. 65), G. begged for his o^vn life (Tac. Ann. xv. 73), and was spared at the time ; but afterwards he and his brother Mela (Lucan's father) became victims.* With am)arent timidity G. united singular amia- bility. Seneca (who dedicates to G. his De ira and De vita beata) writes : ' Nemo mortalium uni tam dulcis est quam hie omnibus'; he eulogizes him, also, as free from vice, impervious to flattery, and one whom to love to the utmost was to love too little {Q.N. iv. Pr.). His reputation for wit is attested by Dio, who refers (Ix. 35), about 160 years after G.'s death, to a 'jocus urbanissimus ' of hist as still current.
Soon after G.'s arrival at Corinth, a band of Jews, provoked by the conversion of Crispus, the ruler' of their synagogue, and relying, probablj', on the new proconsul's complaisance, dragged St. Paul before his tribunal, clamouring for judgment against a man who ' persuaded men to worship God contrary to the (Mosaic) law.' Judaism was a ' religio licita,' and entitled to protection ; but G. saw in St. Paul's alleged ofi'ence only the out- come of some internal religious disputation among the Jews, and neither a civU wTong done to the complainers(d5i/c7;^a) nor an outrage against public morality (p(ioioi'p77)/xa Ttov-qpiv). He declined to hear St. Paul's defence in a case which called for no judicial intervention, and contemptuously drove the accusers from his judgment-seat. When the Greek by-standers,t without special interest, prob- ably, in the apostle, but readily showing their animus against the unpopular Jews, seized and beat Sosthenes, the successor of Crispus and the ringleader presumably of the disturbance, G. re- frained from interposing ; the Jews, he doubtless considered, would not be the worse for being thus taught to keep their religious disputes to them- selves. To this assault on Sosthenes, not to the Christian faith, the statement ' G. cared for none of these things ' directly refers ; but it is not likely that he interested himself further in St. Paul or liis doctrine ; and it is no more than possible that a report about the apostle by G. to Seneca helped afterwards to lead to a personal connexion, itself doubtful, between Seneca and St. Paul (Lightf. Phil. Exc. ii.). G.'s Roman justice protected7 but his Roman pride would ignore, the man to whose incidental association with him his own notability is mainly due.
LlTBRATURE. — Add to reff. above, Hausrath, art. ' Gallio,' in Schenkel's Bib. -Lex. v. ii. ; Farrar, .Seekers a.fter God. pp. 16-21 ; Ramsay, .S"(, Paul the Traveller, pp. 257-261. On Gallio as a possible link of connexion between St. Paul and Seneca, Gelpke, Dt Familiaritate P. et S. ; Aubertin, Sinique et St.
^"•^ H. Cowan.
GALLOWS.— See Hanoino, and Crimes and Punishments, vol. i. p. 525*.
• So Dio C. Ixii. 25. Jerome places G.*B death (by compulsoir suicide) prior to Seneca's (Add. to Chron. Euseb. p. 161, e<L Seal.).
t When Olaudius was poisoned by his wife Agrippina, O., alluding to the deification of emperors, and to the custom of dragging criminals by a hook to the Tiber, spoke of Claudius as ' unco in c^jelum raptum.'
J The y/OTd "Greeks' is not in the oldest MSS, but is prob- ably a correct gloss. Ewald, however(flfe(. In: vji. 380), refers to the Jews the assault on S'jsthenes, whom he identifies with the Sosthenes of 1 Co 1, »Pid regards as already in sympathy with St. Paul.
GAMES
GAIMES
107
period we read that Jason the high priest (2 Mac 4'""), in his zeal for the introduction of Greek customs, obtained the authority of Antiochus Epiphanes to set up a Greek place of exercise, and form a body of youths to be trained therein. His conduct in this i« severely condemned, for it is said of him and of the priests under his inlluence that ' they had no more any zeal for the services of the altar, but, despising the sanctuary and neglecting the sacrifices, they hasten to enjoy that wliich was unlawfully provided in the paltestra, after the summons of the discus ; thinking of no account the honours of their fathers, and thinking the glories of the Greeks best of all ' (2 Mac 4'-'- ").