1. The glorii of J" as a term for the self-revealed character and being of God. — Since Ex 33"'^ be- longs, in all probabilit}', to a secondary (7th cent.) stratum of J (see below, § 3), the earliest occur- rence of the phrase is in Isaiah, who uses it (6') quite unambiguously to denote the divine nature as revealed in the world ; J"'s glory is the out- ward manifestation of His holiness. Tlie sense is probably similar in 3', where Judah's sin is represented as culminating in this : tliat she wil- fully opposed herself to a God who had manifested HimseH to her in His majesty and might (cf. Am 3^). Although these are tlie only two pas- sages in Isaiah's ^vritings in which the phrase actually occurs, the underlying idea of J"'s power and might as manifested in nature and history is fundamental with the prophet ; cf. especially 2"'-", where the recurring term is similar, but not as in EV identical, with the one we are discussing — the glory of His majesty (u'inj Tin) in vv.'"- '"■'^i. We may therefore reasonably attribute to Isaiah a commanding influence over both the phrase and the idea as they appear in subsequent literature. The direct influence of Is 6' is seen in Hab 2''', and also, in all probability, in Nu 14-' (cf. e.g. Kuenen, Hexateuch, p. 247). In Nu 14^2 the glory of J" is specifically the manifestation of His nature in history, in the life of the nation : and this is the case also in Dt 5^ [Heb. 5='], although at first sight the context generally might suggest that the phrase signifies here a physical appear- ance ; but the accompanying sj'nonym ' his great- ness,' the meaning of which is unambiguous (cf. 3*1 928 ip)^ jg decisive against this. Tlie same pre- dominant reference to history marks Ezekiel's use
• Of. the combination sjia? Dai in Neh 95 (cf. Ps 72'").
of the phrase in 39-', and underlies his use of the verl) (n3;) = to show oneself glorious, to manifest one's glory) in 2S-= 39". The phrase is quite clearly to be taken in the same sense in Is tiO'", wliere J "s glory is the counterpart of His ' fame,' and is to be declared among the nations (yet on this and the preceding verse see Dillm.); accord- ing to Cheyne (in his Coimnentarij) also in Is 40'. In the Psalms the particular nuance of the phrase dillers in difl'erent passages. Judging from the ■jcneral tenor of the Psalms, it is tlod's mani- festation through His control of the lives of nations or individuals that the respective writers intend mainly to imply by their use of the jihrase in 57°;" G3^ (cf. Ps 73'^— in tlie sanctuary the Psalmist realizes the meaning of J"'s moral govern- ment, and so perceives ' his glory '), 72" ( = Is &, Nu 14-'), 96^ ('his glory' || 'his marvellous works'), 97" (II 'his righteousness'), 102'"- (cf. Is 59'"), 1,38» (II 'the ways of J"'); cf. also 'the glory of thy kingdom' || 'thy power,' 'the glory of the majesty of his kingdom ' 11 ' his mighty acts,' 45'"-. On the other hand, in 19', where it is parallel to ' handy work ' (vr n:;'i^5), and in 104", the cliief emphasis lies on the fact that the natural world is a revelation of God; this is perhaps also the case with 8-,' although in this psalm it is, in particular, man's place in nature that reveals God's nature and purpose. Pr 25- in connexion witli the foregoing us.ages, and in the light of such passages as Job 28, may lie interpreted to mean that the very mysteries of nature, the sense tliat there is much hidden which is not revealed, contributes to man's jjer- cejition of God's n.ature. The terra "glory," especi- ally in a phr.ase that recurs more than once and deserves particular attention, is also used in tlie modified sense of the prai.se which God's character, as revealed in His works and deeds, should call forth ; thus 'the glory of his [J"'s] name' or 'the glory due unto his name,' where both renderings of the RV represent the same Hebrew plirase (io^;' ii:;), means the praise due to His self-revealed character from those to whom it has been revealed (29^ fi(i- 90"), and similarly the glory of J" (Is 42" 43' 48" ; cf. also Ps 79' in connexion with v.'^). In 113', as the parallel indicates, the phrase is barely more than a periphrasis for J".
2. The 'glory of J"' denoting a physical phe- nomenon indicative of the divine presence. — With the exception of a single Jahwistic pas.sage (Ex 3317-23)^ and, according to a possible interpretation, a single passage in Jeremiah (17'-) which must be left for discussion in the next section, this usage first appears in Ezekiel, who in any case appe.us to have exercised as great an influence on this modification of the idea as Isaiah on that discussed in the foregoing section. Ezekiel, as we have seen, does indeed employ the phrase and the cognate verb in the manner already discussed in the preceding section ; but generally ^vith him the glory of J" is a bright or fiery appearance that resembles the rainbow (1^ W), causing the ground, where it appears, to sliine (43-) ; moves from one place to another (9^ 10'- " 43'-), or is borne from one place to another on cherubim (10" 11^), each movement being accompanied by a rushing sound (2'^, where read nnn for inn, and translate 'a great rushing when the glory of J" was lifted up from its place '). Again, as in the vision of the coming judgment the ' glory of J" ' is seen by Ezekiel to leave Jerusalem (11''^), so in the vision of coming restoration it is seen returning to the city (43-''').1