* tiring now one word, 'goodman' should be accented, ■« Harle rt'niarks (PhUoltx}}/, p. (UC), on the first syllable, like f-hapnmn, and ao distinguished from the two separate worda * goo^l man.' In AVot ItUl. however, it is given as 'goodmao everywhere except Pr 7" and Lk 22" where It Is ' good-man.'
232
GOODNESS
GOSHEN
{On the A V of the NT, p. 96) in the line from GolUing's Ovid. i. —
• The goodman 8cekB the good wife's death.'
But it often fumislieJ a word-play : Thus Cotgrave, Diet. s.v. ' Maistre' — ' Also a title of honour (such as it is) belonginji to all artificers, and tradesmen ; whence Maistre Pierre, Maistre Jelian, etc. ; which ve i;ive not so generally but qualify the meaner sort of them (especially in countrey townes) with tlie title of "oodman (too good for many).' So Shaks. Twelfth Night, IV. ii. 141—
* Like a mad lad, Pare thy nailg, dad ;
Adieu, goodman deviL*
And Fuller, Holy State, ' as he is called goodman, he desires to answer to the name, and to be so indeed.' Tindale uses the word once in the Pent., Ex 22" ' the goodman of the housse shal be brought unto the goddes ' (n-jn-'jj;;, EV 'the master of the house'). Rutherford more than once describes Christ as ' the goodman of this bouse. His dear Kirk.' J. Hastings.
GOODNESS.— See Good and Righteousness.
GOPHER WOOD (isJ-sa, 'a.zi-q!iphe.r, l<^a. rerpi- 7u>'o, liijnn Iwvignta, Gn 6"). — We have no clue from the etymology of the connate dialects as to the kind of tree referred to. Celsius (Hicrob. i. 328) argues that it is the cypress, from the similarity of sound between gopher and Kvirdpiffaot. Vossius argues that it was a resinojis tree, from the similarity of sound between iv and lEiJ 'resin.' Dillmann opposes Lagarde's view that n;5 is a contraction or clerical error for nirs gophrtth = ' pitch.' In any case it was a wood suitable for shipbuilding, ana the ark was constructed of it. In ZATW, 1898, Heft i. p. 163, Cheyne suggests that the cuneiform phrase ■which underlies Gn 6" was misunderstood, but that some variety of cedar is intended. G. E. Post.
GORGET. — In 1 S 17' Goliath is described as having ' a target of brass between his shoulders ' ; in the marg. it is a 'gorget.' The 'gorget' was a piece of armour for protecting the gorge or throat. Spenser has the word in FQ IV. iii. 12—
' HiB weasand-pipe is through his gorget cleft.'
And Jonson, Catiline, iv. 2 (C:esar pointing to Cicero) —
' See how his gorget peers above his gown. To tell the people in what danger he was.*
Sir Walter Scott has it in Woodstock (Ch. I.), and
in the Lay, v. 22 —
' Undo the visor's barred band, Unfix the gorget's iron clasp. And give him room for life to gasp.'
J. Hastings. GORGIAS (Popyfas). — A general of Antiochus Epiphanes, who is described as ' a mighty man of the King's Friends' (1 Mac 3^), and a captain who ' had experience in matters of war ' (2 Mac 8'). When Antiochus set out on his Parthian campaign (B.C. 166 or 165), his chancellor, Lysias, who was charged with the suppression of the revolt in Pal., despatched a large army to Judtea under the com- mand of Ptolemy, Nicanor, and Gorgia.s. Tlie Syrians met the Jews under Judas Maccalx-eus at tlie entrance to the hill-country of Judnea, and encamped at Emmaus. From this point G., with a body of 6000 men, attempted to make a night attack upon the Jews ; but Juda-s, hearing of liis advance, hastily quitted his camp, and, falling suddenly on the camp of the Syrians in the early morning, defeated them with great loss. When G. returned from a vain pursuit among the mountains, he found the Syrian camp on fire, and
the Jews drawn up ready for battle ; and, ■\\'ithout risking an encounter, he fled to the Pliil. countrj (1 Mac 3*'-4'» ; Jos. Ant. XII. vii. 4 ; 2 Mac S'^-^S). From 2 Mac lO""- it ajipears tliat G., who ii described as commandant of tlie district (o-rpoTi/vut Turn Tbiruv), remained in that country aftei his defeat, and continually hara-sscd the Jews by means of liis mercenary troops, assisted by the Iduma'ans. Two or three years later Judas led an expedition against Gilead, and, in the absence of his brothers, entrusted the command of the Jews to two ollicers, .Joseph the son of Zacharias, and Azarias. Contrary to Judas' orders, they attacked tlie SjTians in Jamnia, but were repulsed by G. with liea\y lo.ss (1 Mac si"""-"; Jos. Ant. XII viii. 6). In 2 Mac 12'-"" this defeat is barely mentioned, but we are told how .ludas defeated G., and how the accursed (rhv KaTdpaTop) G. him- self was nearly taken prisoner by a Jewish horse- man named Dositheus. The description of G. in 2 Mac 12-" as ' governor of Idum.-ca is perhaps an error for ' governor of Jamnia ' (so Grotius. and of. Jos. Ant. XII. vi. 8). H. A. White.
GORTYNA {<€ls> Viprmav A, Toprvfa sV, 1 Mac \ri-'). — The most important city in Crete, after Gnossus, situated about midway between the two ends of the island. After the successful embassy sent by Simon Maccab;Bus to Rome (B.C. 139), the Roman Senate drew up a decree in favour of the Jews, guaranteeing the independence of their terri- tory. Among a number of small autonomous states ana communes to which copies of the decree were sent, G. is mentioned. From this we may infer that Jewish residents were then to he found in Crete. For the evidence that G. was at that time an independent community, see Marqu.ardt, Iio>n Staatsver. i. 333 f. H. A. White.