Great).
GREAVES (1 S 17*) in the phrase n^nj ni:?9 mis- hath niliusheth, 'greave of bioiize.' The singular rendering is perhaps to be prefern-d (not so Wellli. and Driver, in loco). The Uonian legionary in later times wore one greave, and that on his ritjht leg. Cf. passage quoted from Polybius (<;) under Armour.
W. E. Barnes.
GRECIANS, GREEKS.— Both these terms are used in<lili'ereiitly in AV of OT Apocr. to designate persons of Gr. extraction (1 Mac I'" C- 8", 2 Mac 4'" etc.). In Jl 3" AV has 'Grecians,' RV and AVm 'sons of the Grecians,' as the tr. of O'ji'n 'j^. This is the only passiige in OT where either Grecians or Greelcs are named, although Greece (under the name Javan, which see) is several times mentioned (Dn 8»' lO^" U\ Zee 9"). In NT the linguistic usage of EV makes a distinction between the terms Greeks and Grecians. Greeks uniformly represents the word "E\.\»)>'es, which may denote persons of Gr. descent in the narrowest sense (Ac 16' 18S Ro 1"), or may be a general desi{rnation for all who are not of Jewish extraction (Jn 12*', Ro l'" 10'^ Gal 3^. See Gentiles). It is remark- able that in Is 9" even D-nf^? (Philistines) is repro- duced in LXX by-EXXTji-et. Grecians, on the other hand (Ac 6' 9'^), is AV tr. of 'EXXi^wo-Taf (see fol- lowing art. ), which means Gr.-speaking Jews (RV Grecian Jews). An interesting question is that of the correct reading of Ac U'". Were those to whom the men of Cyjirus and Cyrene preached, Grecians or Greeks ? in other words, were they Jews or Gentiles? The weight of MS authority is in favour of 'EXXiji'icrro's (the reading in TR, and adopted in AV and RVm), which has the support of B and indirectly of N* {evayye\L(XTdi) D^ L and almost all cursives. It is retained in the te.xt of WH. Internal evidence, on the other hand (see, however, WH's Introd. to Gr. NT, App. 93 f.), is generally supposed to necessitate the re.ailing EXXiicas w hich is found in N' A D, and is accepted by Scrivener, Lachm. Tisch. Treg. and text of RV (see Scrivener's Introd. to Crit. of NT*, ii. 370 f.).
J. A. Seliue.
GREECE, HELLENISM.— The names Greek and Greece do not occur in the Gr. or Heb. Bible, being designations under which the Italian races came to know HeUas and its inhabitants. In Gn lU' Jaean ('luiiav) is correctly used to denote the Gr. stock in gener.il. .So in .Esch. Pers. 178, 5(53 th« Persian interlocutors speak of Greeks as lue laones.
GREECE, HELLENISM
GREECE, H1:LLEXLSM
261
The old Armenians uscil the same word ; and at a very remote date the Yevana are mentioned in the ancient E},'j'iitian epic of liamses II. among the allies of the Ilittites.
As early as the 7th cent. B.C. the names Hellas and Hellenes were used by the Greeks to distinguish themselves from the Dnrbnri. And the same are used in the LXX (Jl 3", Is 66", Ezk 27", Zee 9") and in NT.
It has been lately conjectured on archa'ologlcal grounds that the t^hilistines were the same race with the Pelasgians, who built the pre-historic city of MyeeniB, and used the pritnitive alphabet dis- covered recentlj' by Mr. Arthur Evans in Crete and the Heloponiiose. If tliis be so, the Jews from their tirst entry into Canaan were in conllict with tlie forerunners of tlie historical Greeks. ' That among the various elements,' says Mr. Evans, ' from the .'Egean co.astlands, who took part in the I'hilis- tiiie confederation, men of Greek stock may alre.'idy have found a place as early as the 1-th or llth cent. B.C. can at least no longer be regarded as an improbable hypothesis. It is, perhaps, not witliout some actual warr.ant in f.act that in the LXX of Is 9" the I'hilistines themselves are translated by "Y.Wilvts." Itenan {Hist, of Peojile of Israel, Eng. tr. ii. 15) adojits the same view.
However this may be, the hist, relations of Jews with Greeks begin mainly about the age of Alex- ander of .Macedon, and as tlie result of his con- quests. He, and the Diadochi kings who succeeded him, deliberately set about the Helleiiization of .\sia, Syria, and Egjpt. If Alexander did not found all the 70 new cities in Asia a-scribed to him by Plutarch, he was at least the founder of Alexandria.
But the bloom of Gr. civilization could not be transferred to Asia and Egypt, for it had jias.sed away. The old independent city life was crushed, partly hy the previous internecine contlicts of the Greeks, partly by tlie all-engulling conquests of Philip and Alexander. Under the Diadochi, who became despots of an Oriental tyi>e, there was none of the old Gr. freeiium. The new Gr. settlers themselves, brought into close contact with Asiatics, became half orient.alized. Something of the old subtlety in speculation remained, some- thing of the plastic skill of the older art. I!ut the combined strength, simplicity, and lovely sym- metry of (Jr. genius was lost. Moral philosophj' alone, in the hands of the Stoics, remained a vigorous activity ; but now that the free state was a thing of the p.i.st, it was rather the life and duties of tlie indiviilual than the collective life and needs of the org.anized community that formed the matter for criticism and theory.