4. Another king of Edom (1 Ch 1""), whose name is miswritten Hadar in Gn 36™. His capital city was Pau. See A HT 264.
5. A member of the royal honse of Edom (1 K Ijuir.) ,y|,(j escaped while 'yet a little child' from the massacre of his family by Joab after David's conquest of Edom. He was carried hrst to Paran and then to Egypt, where the Pharaoh received him hospitably, and assigned him lauds and food. He married the Pharaoh's sister-in-law, and his son Genubath was brought up as an Egyptian prince. After the death of David and Joab, Hadad returned to Edom, and there worked ' mischief ' to Solomon. Edom, however, continued to be dependent on Judah, as we learn from 1 K 9*, 2 K 3» S*. A. H. Sayce.
HADADEZER (njjrn^), 'Hadad is a help' (2 S 8'- ", 1 K 1 V), wrongly written Hadarezer in 2 S lO"- '», 1 Ch 18'»- '• ' ly'«- '». The name is the Heb. equivalent of the Aram. Hadadidri, which is given in the As-syr. in.scriptions as the name of the king of Dama.scus, who is called Ben-Hadad II. in the OT. Bricks have been found in Babylonia stamped with the name of Hadad-n.'idinakh[6s] (Hndad- nadinakhi) in Gr. and .Vram. letters, whii h makes the reading of the divine name quite certain.
Iladadezer was son of Kchob and king of Zobab (.\sayr. ZubitC), on the eastern frontier of Haniath. His dominions included Damascus in the south, and extcnilcd to the Euphrates in the north. He was defeated by David ' a.s ho went to recover his iKjrder (or ratlicr the pillar which marked the limits of conquest) at the river Euplirate.s.' The Syrians of Damascus who thereuiMin came to his assistance were also defeati^d, and Damascus itself
274
HADADHIMMON
HADES
W!i3 occupied by the Israelites. The ttililed shields of U. were sent to Jerusalem, and largo quantities of bronze were obtained by David in the cities of Berothai and Tibhath (the Tubikhi of the Tel el- Amarna tablets and the Kgyp. geographical lists). Toi king of Hamath, who had been at war with II., now sent an embassy to congratulate the Isr. monarch on his victories. At a later date, when war liad broken out between David and the Ammonites, H. despatched 20,000 footmen from Zobah and Beth-rehob to the help of the Ammon- ites, other troops being also furnished by the Sj-rian princes or Maacah and Tob. The combined host, liowever, was annihilated by Joab, wlio pro- ceeded to overrun Ammon. H. now obtained the help of tlie Ararasans on the eastern side of the Euphrates ; but the Syrian army, under the com- mand of Shobach (called Shophach 1 Ch 19'"), was utterly defeated by David at Helam, which is probably tlie Khalman of the Assyx. inscriptions, usually identilied with Aleppo. Josephus {Ant. VII. vi. 3) transforms Helam into a Syrian general, Klialaman, and tells us that Hadadezer, under the name of Hadad, was mentioned by Nicolaus Damas- cenus in his history of Damascus. Tlie battle of Helam completely broke the power of Zobah.
A. H. Sayce. HADADRIMMON (psT-iq), mentioned in Zee 12" along with tlie valley of Megiddon. It is commonly supposed to have been the place of national lamen- tation over the slaughter, by Necoh of Egypt (2 K 2.3^, 2 Ch 35-"-"*'), of Josiah, the last promising king of Judah. Hitzig suggested (Commentar itber den Jesnja, 1833, on 17*) that the mourning was for Adonis, as in Phoenicia ; and he was followed by Movers, Kneucker, Leyrer, W. R. Smith, and Merx. Baudissin (in Stitdien zur Sem. liclifj.- geschkhte), however, concludes to stand by the former position. LXX reads /co7rer6s poivos, and tlie Vulg. Adadremmon. The usual identification is with Uummanek, a small village S. of Megiddo, and N.W. of Jentn (cf. G. A. Smith, Hist. Geog. 389, n. 2).
LiTERATURB. — Baudissin, Shidien, etc. 295 ff. ; Baethgen, Beltraije z. sem. Relvj .-geechichte, 75, 84, 255 (both these authors discusa fully the component elements of the word) ; Wellhau^en, Klein. Proph. 192 ; W. R. Smith, RS 392 n. ; Schrader, COT on Zee 12" ; Bredenkamp, Steiner, Orelli, and Nowack in their Comm. on Zee, ad toe. See alao the separate articles, Hadad andRisisiON. IrA M. PRICE.
HADAR, Gn 36».— See Hadad i.
HADAREZER.— See Hadadezer.
HADASHAH (ny-iq).— A town in the Shephelah of Judali, Jos 15". Its site is unknown.
HADASSAH (ns-iq ' myrtle ').— The Jewish name of Esther (i.e. Pers. stdra, 'star'). It occurs only
in Est V.
HADES ('AiSj,5, ^«,,s).— The term used in the LXX and NT for the abode of the departed, the unseen world into which men pass at death. It is a Word of very frequent occurrence in the OT, of very rare occurrence in the NT. In the AV of the OT it is unhappily rendered by 'hell' (Dt 32^, 2 S 22«, Ps 16'° 18" 116' ISQ', and often), ' the pit' (Nu les"- =°), and ' the grave ' (Gn 37», 1 S 2«, Jol) T \i^, Ps 30^ 49'^- '» etc.). The original sense of the English word ' hell ' appears to have been simply that of the hidden, unseen place, and in the general sense of the ' realm of the dead ' it occurs in the statements of the Creeds on the article of Christ's Desrent to Hell, as well as in old English ('The Harrowing of Hell ' in the Exeter Book ; Chaucer, The Milieres Tale, v. 3572 ; Spenser, Son. 68). Its ■se in the AV, therefore, has been defended, e.g.