One of the Jewish derivations of Hagar's name is based upon a play on the words tux k.t ' here is thy wage.'
'The Moslems naturally modify the biblical account in favour of their own nation ; they con- tend that Hagar was Abraham's lawful wife, and that Ishmael obtained, therefore, as his eldest son, the extensive tracts of Arabia, whilst the younger son, Isaac, received only the limited territory of Canaan ; that H.agar was born at Famia, then the capital of Egypt and the residence of the Pharaohs, but that she died at Mecca, and was buried in the precincts of the temple of the Caaba' (Kalisch on Gn 16'-», quoting D'Herbelot, Bibl. Orii-.nt. p. 420).
Buxtorf (in nis Lexicon Chald. Talmud, el
HAGAKENES
HAGGAI
279
Tlnhhin., Basle, 1039, s.v. -i;n) says, 'Jmla>i liodie Unjj'aros sic vocaiit, quasi Has'ios vel Hagarios luieas autera Isma.'litas vocant. Hinc Psal. 83 pro Dn;n in Targum est 'x^^^sn Ungari.'
H V RvLK HAGARENES.— See Haokites.
HAGGADA.— See Talmud.
HAGGAI ('313 ' festal,' LXX 'Aryatoj, of. n-?rj 2 S 3* ; Fha'n. -in, run, CIS Ixvii. 1 ; Palmyr. i:in, V'ofjiid, 6Ia). — The pro]ilii!l whose prophecies are I'untained in the book which bears his name. His lirst prophecy is dated tliu 2nd year of Darius, i.e. B.C. 52u ; his main purpose was to rouse the community of tlie returned exiles to rebuild the temple at Jerusalem.
,•1. Historical Introduction. — The high hopes with which the Jewish exiles started home from Babylon in 5,36 were not destined to be fuKilled in the early years of the Kctum. Instead of pro- ceeding at once to restore the ruined temple to its former glory, the Benfi hag-Golah ('sons of the Captivity ') were obliged to content themselves witli setting up the altar of burnt-offering (Ezr 3'-''-, confirmed \>y Hag 2'''). It is possible th.at the foundations of the temple were formally laid;* but the great work of restoration remained un- accomplished for tlie next sixteen years. Various causes contributed to this state of inaction. During the fifty years of the Captivity the Juihcan exiles had lived without temple and altar, and no doubt many felt that delay in restoring them need not involve serious damage to religion. The more enthusiastic party would probably have made some ell'ort but for the series of disasters which fell upon the Jewish community. There was, first of all, the active hostility of the neighbouring Samaritans ; the firm refusal of whose plausible offer to assist in the building turned them into the implacable foes of Jerusalem (Ezr 4'"°). Then the invasion of Egypt by Cambyses in 527 must have brought with it great suffering for the .Jewish colonists ; no peace or security was possible while Palestine was being overrun by the vast hordes of the Persian army on their way to Egypt (see Zee 8'", Hag 1'). A succession of bad seasons fol- lowed ; the land suffered from prolonged drought ; harvest and vintage failed ; the fortunes of the colony .sank to their lowest ebb (Hag l"- "■" 2"- "). In .Jerusalem itself some of the old social abuses made their appearance ; luxury and self-seekin" among the wealthier clas.ses took the pl.ace of zeal for the cause of religion (Hag !'• "). The le.aders of the community did nothing, the lirst enthusiasm had cooled down, and the great object of the Uctum remained un.accomplished. Meanwhile important events were taking place in the Persian empire. During the e.arly years of his reign (521- 515) Darius was engaged in a desperate struggle to secure the kingdom he bad won. Province after province revolted ; rebellions broke out every- where, now in the very heart of the empire, now in its farthest extremities. While Darius was huppre.s.sing the Babylonian usurper Nidiutubel, Elam and the neighbouring countries attempted to throw off the Persian yoke. At the beginiiiii" of 520 Darius subdued B.ahylon, and then marched against the Median pretender Phraortes ; but before this camiiaign was over, Babylon revolted
• All contempomry authorities ffive tlie 2nfl year of DariuB, the 10th of the Ucturn, 620. aa the date i)( the touiiilation ot the temple, lloK H" i", Zee 8". Kzr ft''- '«. The aeeoiint of the laying of the fouiulationH in the 2nd year of the Return, 635, contAJned in Kzr :J*13, belonpi to & lator document, written about IIDO years after the event* narrated. It is po..isihle that tluH later accoimt nmv have «ome historical Iwutis ; there umy have been a purely jnrmal foundation, 8\ich an lliij;j;:ii and Zcchariah could entirely disretfard. See Driver. LOT^ &47.
a second time.* It seemed like a v;ist upheaval of the heathen world, a shaking of the heavens and earth. There were still jjiophets in Jerusalem who could read the signs of the times, and they were not slow to grasp the bearing of these vast movements upon the interests which they had at heart. The central authority was weakened, the original permit of Cyrus had not been repealed : now was the opportunity for a religious and patriotic enterprise. Haggai came forwarti in 520 — and Zechariah was soon by his side — with the divine command to start at once upon the re- building of the temple. The neglect of this first dut}% so the prophet insists, has been the cause of all the recent misfortunes ; but when once it has been discharged the divine blessing will descend, and the glorious promises of the great prophet of the Restoration {e.g. Is 60) will be fulfilled at last. There will be a shaking of heaven and earth ; the powers of the heathen kingdoms will be overthrown ; and Zerubbabel, the treasured and chosen of J", will be preserved for the great hereafter. The prophet's appeal was addressed primarily to Zerubb.ibel and .loshua, the civil and religious leaders of the community, and it pro- duced the desired effect. The work of rebuilding was taken vigorously in hand ; and four years later (5U>) the temple was solemnly dedicatea (Hag !'■"• 23- ■», Zee 4"-'" 6'=-" S», Ezr 5"- e""", 1 Es 6' V).