On the relation of the term Heart to Soul, Spirit, Keins, Conscience, see under these words.
LlTKRATURB. — Oi;f. Heb. Lex. i. 2yb and 3^ ; Cremer, Bib.- Theol. Lex., and Thayer •Grimm «. tucfiiit ; Ochler, Theol. oj OT, i. 221 tT.,ii. 449; Schultz, OT Theol. ii. 248; Weiss, Bib. Theol. of ST (' Heart' in Indei). J. LaIDLAW.
HEARTH.— The word ' hearth ' is found in seven passages of our AV, in all of which, with one ex- ception (Is 30"), it has been discarded by the Revisers. On the other hand, it has been intro- duced three times into their text (Lv 6° [Heb.'], Ezk 43"- '"), and once besides in an explanatory note in the margin (Is 29' ; for all of these see No. 4 below).
1. The primitive domestic hearth was a mere depression in the earthen floor of tlie living-room, where the family meal was cooked, and around which, in the cold season, the family gathered for warmth. The Hebrew name for the hearth was perhaps npto mOkid (Ps 1023 [Heb.*] 'my bones are burned as an heartli' AV ; but RV has 'as a fire- brand,' cf. LXX (ppvyiov, with the former render- ing in the margin). This word would thus be identical in meaning as well as in form with the Arabic maukid." The nearly allied Tp; (Is 3U'''), by AV and RV rendered ' hearth,' is more strictly the burning mn.t.t, a meaning which many would give to moke.d (see both words in Oxf. Heb. Lex.). The same uncertainty attaches to the form nii-iD muhcdnh (Lv 6-' [Hel).^] 'the bumt-offerin" shall be on the hearth' RV ; 'on its flrewood ' llVm), which is probably not an independent word, but the masc. form {mOkal) with sutBx (so Uillni., Strack, etc.). A detailed description of the modern Syrian hearth (mniikdi) is given by Land berg (Proverbes et Dietons, pp. 73, 74), with illustration (p. 455). The smoke from the hearth, on which various kinds of fuel, wood, charcoal, dung, etc. (see Coal, Fuel) were burned, escaped as best it might through door or latticed window (n;-;.^, Hos 13* AV, RV ' chimney '), since chimneys were unknown (see Chim.vky).
2. In the houses of the wealthier classes, at least, braziers or chafing dishes were in common use. Thus Jehoiakim on a memorable occasion had Jeremiah's roll 'consumed in the fire that was in the brazier' (nxn Jer 3022-=3 RV ; AV in each ca.se ' on the hearth ' ; LXX fVi ttjs ccrxipa!, whicli is ambiguous) in his 'winter house.' A similar firepan is referred to in Zee 12* (' like a pan of lire ' CN li's ; so RV, but AV ' like a heartli of fire '). Cf. for NT times Jn IS'* 2I».
3. In Gn 18" Sarah is requested to 'make cakes upon the hearth' (AV), for which RV has, more literally, 'make cakes.' The cakes in question, termed 'ugith (ni;y), were really baked ' upon the hearth ' by being covered with the hot ashes, and are therefore accurately rendered by the Vulgate
• So Del. inloc, and Siegfried-Stade's Lex. For other possibis significations of Ip'iO see Bsthgen s note in bis Handkt mmentar in loc.
HEATii
HEATHEN
319
sulicincricios panes (LXX iyKpvtpiai). See BREAD, v(.l. i. p. 318.
4. We have seen (under No. 1 above) that, accoitling to a possible interpretation, the top of the altur of burnt-oflerin^' was known as its ' hearth ' (Lv 6' [Heb.-] in ItV). Tliis is confirmed by the description in Siracli of Simon the high priest standing ' by the heartli of the altar' (t'crrus Trap' f'ffx<ip? /3u//oO, Sir 50'-). The upper jiortion of tlie altar aluo receives a special name from Kzekiel, viz. 'Ari'cl (^x-ixn, so Kere 43">- '"), the origin and precise significance of wliicli are uncertain. Most recent scholars are in favour of tlie meaning adopted bv the Itevisers, ' altar hearth ' (AV wrongly 'a^tar.'*).
Tlie enigmatical term Ariel ('^K'li'), by which I.saiah (29"') designates Jeru.saleni, is also, by various modern writers, understood in this sense of ' altar hearth '(cf. KVni 'hearth of God.' See coram, of Duhm and Skinner, in loc. ; also Ariel in vol. i. with rell. there, to which add Cheyne, Isaiah, in Haupt's ' Polychrome Bible').
A. U. S. Kennedy.
HEATH (ijnv 'ar'ar, nySiy^ 'arffir, a.ypio^i.vplKTi, Sfos il7/?ios, myrica). — This is AV translation of the Hebrew name of a plant growing in tlie desert, doubtless identical with the 'nr'ar of the Arabs, Juniperus P/irenicea, L. , wliicli grows on the W. face of the range of the mountains of Edom, over- looking the Arabah. Its branches, clotlied with minute scale-like leaves, may well entitle it to the name 'naked tree' (AVm Jer 48'). In this and ihe only other passage where the word occurs (Jer 17"), KVm lias *a tamarisk tree.' There is another species of Juniper, called by the Arabs 'ar'ar. It is ./. oxyccdrii.i, L. This species is not, however, a desert plant. It grows in the middle and sub- alpine regions of Syria. It is unlikely that this is the plant referred to. One species of heath. Erica verticillata, Forsk., grows on .-i.indstone and chalky rocks, at an altitude of from 3iiU to 3500 ft., on the W. face of Lebanon and the chains to the north- ward. This cannot be the plant intended. There ire no heaths in the desert. G. E. Post.