while by the Iranians it was deilicated to Haoma, that the immortal part of the animal mi;;hl return to him. A dried human head or the head of at animal wius frequently used by the Semites as a cliarni (W. U. Smith, 'iW 359, 302, 449, 4jG).
Jacob placed his hands upon the heads of Ephraim antl Manasseh as a symbol of convevinc the bles.sinj; to them (Gn 4S'"'- ; cf. Gn 49^, I'r ll? 11-"). In like manner, evil is spokeu of as being requited or returning on one's head (Jg 9", 2 Cu 6^ etc.). The laying of one's luinds un the head of a sucrifcial t-i</iin (Ex 29", Lv V 4^-» etc.) is very frequently interpreted as a symbolical trans- ference of sin to the animal ; but while this is distinctly recognized in the case of the scape-goat (Lv 16'-'), it is not so certainly implied lor the ordinarj' burn t,-ofl'ering (see W. 1{. Smith, liSiOl f.).
The «onry /i«a(/ is a sj'mbol of old age (Lv 19'-, 1K2«-", Pr 16»', Is40S cf. Job 4F-) ; it is to be honoured, Lv 19^- ; it is pronounced a crown of glory, the reward of uprightness, Pr 16".
^Vhile the general sense of the expression, 'heap coals of lire upon the head ' (Pr 2o--', lio 12-*') is clear enouifli (St. Paul paraphrases, ' Overcome evil with good ), its origin is somewhat uncertain (see Wilde- boer, Reuss, etc., on Pr ; and Mej'cr, Godet, Sanday- Headlam, etc., on Ko, ad lor.}. A good illustration of the working of the principle is supplied by the words of Saul to David, 1 S 24" 20-'.
To lift up the head, when spoken of oneself, may mean to recover from disaster (Jg 8^, Zee 1-'), or, generally, to succeed or to carry oneself proudly Ps 83^ 110' (cf. its use in 24' of gates and see Wellh. ad loc. in Haupt's PB). To 'lift up the head ' of another is used of raising to honour (Gn 40" of Pharaoh's cliief butler, 2 K 25'-'' of the cap- tive king Jehoiachin, who was taken out of prison by Evil-Merodach). In Gn 40", with a designed contrast to the treatment of the butler, it is said that Pharaoh wUl ' lift up the liead of the chief baker from oil' (^i;) him,' tlie reference being to beheading.
When Elisha was told that 'the Lord will take away thy master from thy head ' (2 K 2' °), the reference is probably to the custom of pupils sitting at the feet of their teacher (so Siegfried-Stade ; ci. Ac 22^).
To wag or shake the head was a sign of contempt or of malicious enjoj-ment, Ps 64» (RV), Jer 18" (both ii:). La 2"> (yu) ; cf. Ps 44'^ ,Ier 48=" (both nuo oi-^ 'a shaking of the head'); Mt 27*', Mk 15^ (/to-oDrTes rds (te0a\4s, of the men who derided the sulfering Saviour).
The head of one under a vow was not shaven till its completion (Nu 6'"»-, Ac 18'^ 21"). See further under Nazirite. The Israelites were forbidden to 'round the comers of their heads' (Lv 19^) in token of mourning (cf. Dt 14', where ' making baldness between the eyes' refers to the custom of shaWng the front part of the head ; see Driver, ad loc., and on Am 8"', and W. R. Smith, ES 306 f.).
Anointing the head was a common practice amongst the Jews (Ps23», Mt 6" 26', Mk 14', Lk 7"). See further under Anointing.
To cover (nrn) the head was a token of mourning [2 S IS*" David and his men when fleeing from Absalom, Jer 14', Est 6'^ (|| Vjij)]. The same was expressed by putting the hand upon the head (2 S 13" Tamar after Anmon's outrage) or putting ashes (-i':x) or earth (n-ix) upon it (Jos 7", 1 S 4", 2S 1» 13'», La 2"*). It is po.ssible that this custom is alluded to in Am 2' ' that pant after the dust of the earth on the head of the poor,' i.e. who are so avaricious that they are eager to secure even the dust strewn upon then he.ads by the poor in token of their distress (see full discus.sion in Driver, ad loc.).
To have the head covered (itoTaitaXi)7rT«r9oi) in the Christian assemblies is enjoined upon women by St.
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Paul (1 Co 11'). The contrary rule applies to men (v.*). Much ohscurity attaclies to v.'" 'tor this cause ouglit the woman to have power {^foi/o'Ia;', RV '[asign ofj authority,' AVni i.e. 'acoveriiig, in sign tliatshe isundertlie power of her husband,' KVm 'authority over ') on her head because of the anjjels ' (oid tous dyy4\ovs). This passage will be fully discussed in art. Power (see also WH's remarks on the text). It may be noted, meanwhile, that what is emplia- sized IS the presence of angels in the sanctunrij, and not the ordinary Jewish notion (Taylor, Sayings of the Fat/iers', p. 156) about guardian angels, two of whom were supposed to be alwai/s in attendance on every human being.
It is generally supposed that in Est 7' there is an allusion to a Persian custom of covering the head or face in token of seiitence of death (so Oif. Jleb. Lex., V. Ryssel in Kautzsch's AT, etc.). In sui>j)ort of this interpretation appeal is made to a similar custom among the Romans ('Caput obnu- bito, infelici arbori su.spcndito,' Cicero iJoAjWo, iv. I.S) and the Macedonians (' Capite velato in regiam adducunt,' (Juint. Curt. vi. 8. 22). But in the liev. liihlique Intcrnat. (April 1898, p. 258 ff.) A. Condamin gives rea-sons for doubting wliether eitlier of these passages is relevant. Sonie evidence from such a quarter lus Herodotus would be much more to the point. Moreover, the LXX have evidently followed a diderent text, or at least have interjireted Jitferently from the MT ('sn ["n -jri) and the \ ulg. (operucrunt facicmeivs). They giveA/icn" bi dnQvaas durpdwr) ry irpoaunrt^ (of. Jos. Ant. XI. vi. II, 'A/idcoi/ 5i TTpds toOto KaTairXay^vro^ Kal fxtjo^v ^ri rtiOiy^aaOdi imT)8ivTo%). Condamin maintains that the order of the words in MT and the absence of tin with 'J? plead in favour of this tr", 'the face of Ilaman became troubled' (so Siegfried - .Stade, Jl II mnns Gcsicht verschleierta =verdiisterte sich). The context also he u.ses in su])i)ort of his interpretation. If the MT isn (either Qal or Pual) is considered insullicient to support the LXX rendering, it w ould be easy, ho points out, to emend to iiEn. It may be added that npr; is never used elsewhere of covering the face but always the head (cf. Est 6'^, 2 S 15''", Jer 14^). When the face is spoken of, the verbs employed are n;? (Job 9" 23" 24"> etc.) or Tfijn (Ex 3«, .lob 13" etc.).