HELIODORUS ('IlXiiJupos).— The chancellor {i ^vl tIv it pal 110.7 up) of Seleucus IV. I'hilojiator. At the instigation of .^POLLONIUS (which see), he was sent by the king to jilunder the private treasures kept in the temple atJerus. ; but lie was prevented from carrying out his design by a great ajiparition (^irii/.oWa), — a horse with a terrible rider struck him to the ground, while two young men scourged him severely. H. was carried out of the temple by his guards speechless and prostrate, but was restored at the interecs-sion of the high priest Onias (2 Mac 3"'-)- Some have supposed that the discomfiture of H. was due to a device of Oniaa (cf. v.", so Hawlinson in Speaker's Comm.). Jos., who seems to have been unacquainted with 2 Mac, makes no mention of the mission of H. ; but in 4 Mac 4 a similar storj' is related of Apollonius. In ii.C. 175 H. murdereu Seleucus, and attempted to seize the Syrian crown ; but he was driven out by Eumcnes of l'cr;.'amus and his brother Attalus, and Antiochus I'.piphanes, brother of Seleucus, ascended the throne (.Vlip. Syr. 45; Liv. xli. 24). There is commonly .supposed to be a reference to H. in I)n 1 1-°, but the interpretation of the passage
is doubtful (cf. Bevan in loc). Further, H. ia frequently reckoned as one of the ten or the t/tree kings of Dn 7"-. H. A. WhiVE.
HELKAI (•pSij, perh. shortened for -Tp^j).— A priest (Neh 12"). See GENEALOGY.
HELKATH (np^n and nj^n 'portion,' 'post.cs- sion'). — A Levitical city belonging to the tribe of Asher, Jos 19-^ 21". The site is uncertain. The lerhaps to a textual error,
same place, owing pi appears in 1 Ch 6" [Hi
eb. 6"] as Hukok.
HELKATH-HAZZURIM.— The name given to
the spot at Gibuon where the fatal comoat took I)lace between the twelve champions chosen on either side from the men of Abner and Joab, 2 S 2'". The name D-iisri np^in means ' the field of sword edges.' This is accepted by Driver (Tex* of Sam. ad loe.), who compares Ps 89" [Eng.^] 'i;in -ns 'the ed"e of his sword.' Others prefer to follow the LXX Mfp'5 '■'^i' (Tn^ovXup and read d-is.t 'n ' the field of the liers in wait' (so Ewald, Hist. iii. 114 ; WeUh. Sa7n. ad loc. ; Budde, SBOT, ad loc.). Thenius reads Dn\p 'n 'the field of the adversaries.'
J. A. Selbie. HELKIAS {XtUlas, Gr. form of Heb. n;p)n, Hilkiah ; in W of Apocr. reproduced as Chelcias, Helkias, and Helchiah ; RV uniformly Helkias). — 1. Tlie hi^h priest Hilkiah in Josiah's reign. He is mentioned in 1 Es 1' = 2 Ch 35' as a governor of the temple, sub.scribing handsomely to .Josiah's great Passover ; in 1 Es 8' (cf. Ezr 7') as the great-grandfather of Ezra ; and in Bar 1' as father of Joakim, who was governor of the temple in the reign of Zedekiah. 2. A distant ancestor of Baruch (Bar 1'). 3. The father of Susanna (Sus vv. ^■^). J. T. Marshall.
HELL.— The term used in Old Englisli to desig- nate the world of the dead generally, with all the sad and painful associations of the dark region into which the living disappear. In modem Eng- lish it has the specific sense of the place and con- dition of penalty destined for the finally impenitent among the dead. With this it expresses also the abode of evil spirits. It is cognate or connected with the German hehlen = hide, hiillen = cover, A.S. helan, Lat. celare, etc. It appears in much the same form in many of the European lan- gu.'iges : Ger. /mile, Sw. kclvete. Go. Iialja, Da. hel- vcde, Du. hel. Ice. hel, O.H.G. hella, A.S. /id, /idle, M.E. /lelle (cf. Chaucer, CI' 1202). The Teutonic base, /ial=/iidc, akin to kal, /car {in the older form), is supposed by Skeat to be a ' develop- ment from a root s/car, of which the meaning w.oa to cover.' Etj'mologically, therefore, the term <le- notes the covered, /lidiltn, unseen place.
In our AV the word 'hell' is unfortunatetj' used as the rendering of three distinct words with dillerent ide.as. It represents (1) the ^iK^' of the Ilcb. or, and the jJtjs of the LXX and the NT, which have the general sense of the ' realm of the dead.' In this emi>lovinent of the word the AV translators were justilied so far by the sense which it had in their day, and by the fact that it was applied to the world of the dojiarted generally in the Creeds, in Spenser, in Chaucer, in meilia-val miracle and mystery plays, and in Old English religious poetry. It is not the onlj' word which the translators of IGU u.sed as an equivalent for '"x;' and 95i)i. At times they used ' the pit' (Nu IC**-*"), and in a numlier of ciuscs ' the grave ' (Gn 37",
1 S 2«, Job 7» 14", Ps SO" 49'*- " etc.). But ' hell ' is their most usual rendering in the OT (Dt 3'J--',
2 S '22", Ps 10'" IS» 110' l.S9», Pr 5» 7-" 9'» etc.), and the rendering to which they adhered in all the NT passages, however dill'erent in their shades ol
su
IIKLL
IIKLL
meaning, in which they foiiml some form of ^t^ij! (Mt 11-^ lU", Lk 12= 10^, Ac •_>-■'•»;, 1 Co 15- Kev ji» (j» OQ"- '*). It is now an entirely misleudiiig renilerinj,', especially in the NT piussages. The English Revisers, therefore, have sulwtituted 'Hades' for 'hell' in the NT. In the OT they allow the word ' hell ' to remain in the text of Is l-i, and give S/icul in the margin. In the poetiral booku they usually give Shevl in the text ; while in the historical books they place Sheol in the margin, and allow the renderings ' the grave ' and ' the ^lit' to stand in the text. In the American Revision the word ' hell ' is entirely discarded in this connexion (as are also the terms 'the grave,' 'the pit'), and with a wise consistency ijhcvl is substituted all through the text of the OT, as Haiks is in the text ol the NT. (See also article on Haues).