LrrERATURB. — The great Commentariea, eapecially Mc.ver ; the great NT Dictionaries, especially Thayer and Cremer ; the systems of Biblical Theology and Dogmatics, es]tecially Oehler, liiehni. Schultz, Weiss, Beyschlag, Dorner, Uothe, Martcnsen, putt. I'hilippi, Kuhn, Schweitzer; Alger, Critical livftory oj the Doctriiif. o/a Future Li/e; Atzberger, Eschatologie; Kliefoth, Escliatolo'jie \ Pusey, What ii of Faith as to Everlasting I'uni^h- vient } \ Gfrorer, Jahrkuiidert dfs ll-'its ; Druminond, Jeicish ifegHah ; Stanton, Jewish and the Christian Messiah ; Ham- bur;rer, HE ; Weber, Jiidische Theologie ; Bottcher, JJe Inferis ; Dillmann, Das liuch Henoch ; Charles, Book of Enoch ; Driver, Sermons on OT, Sermon iv. ; Edersheini, Jesus the Messiah; Delitzsch, Bib. Psychol. ; Kabisch, Die Elchatol. d. Paulas.
S. D. F. Salmond. HELLENISM.— See Greece.
HELM.— The helm is now the handle which moves the rudder, but it was formerly used loosely for the whole steering apparatus. Hence in Ja 3^ it is given as tr° of wrjodXiop, a rudder. It was Tind. who introduced 'helm' here, and he was followed by all the VSS except Gen., which has 'rudder,' and Rhem., which has 'steme.' RV follows Gen- eva. The only other occurrence of ir. in NT is Ac 27*', where Tind. and all after him give 'rudder.' Wyclif's word in both passages is ' govemayle.' See Ship
HELMET
HELPS
347
HELMET (yjip k6bha' or yj'ia kSbha' — Greek irtpj- KfpaXaia) was probably made of skin as a rule, since helmets of bronze (Goliath's 1 S 17', and Saul's ib. v.") are mentioned as something special. The form of an ancient helmet is shown in the illustration of Assyrian soldiers given under BATTERING -RAM. The helmets worn by the Romans were made either of leather (the galea) or of metal (the crtssis). The helmet included plates to protect the cheeks, a band for the forehead, and a collar-like projection to protect the back of the neck. Such a helmet, when closed, showed little besides the eyes, nose, and mouth. (See illustrations in Lin- denschmit. Tables ix. x. and xxii.).
Isaiah (59") describes the Lord as arming Him- self for His people with righteousness as a coat of mail, and with salvation as a helmet. It is clear from the parallelism existing between the two halves of the verse (righteousness = vengeance, salvation = zeal) that the passage means that God arises with punishment for the enemy and with deliverance for His people. The ' helmet of salvation ' is the helmet of the Lord's deliverance. St. Paul applies the phrase (Eph 6") difterently ; on the Christian's head rests (1 Th 5") a helmet of tliA, hope of salvation. \V. E. BARNES.
MELON (iS,i 'valorous').— Father of Eliab, the prince of Zebulun at the first census, Nu 1" 2' tji. u 10" (F).
HKLP.— Ae a verb ' help ' is used in AV in some archaic phraaes : (1) Help forward. Zee 1" ' I was but a little displeased and they helped forward the affliction,' i.e. ag^avated. Golding uses the phrase in a good sense m Calvin's Isaiah (on 40^), ' what an excellent consolation is this, to heare that God useth the service of Infidels, yea and when his Church hath need, to make all creatures put to their hands for the helping forward of our salva- tion.' Milton uses the verb without ' forward' in the same sense as in Zee, PL vi. 656 —
' Their armour helped their harm, cnish'd in and bruised Into their substance pent."
(2) Help <o = furnish with, 1 Mac S^* ' Whom they would nelp to a kingdom, those reign ' (oU S' &.i> ^oi/XatKra* ^orjdf'ii' Kal ^cunXei/ctv, ^affiKcuaoutTii' [k |3a<j-i\fi5oi»iri>'], RV ' Whomsoever they will to succour and to make kings, these do they make kings '). Cf. Piers Plotimian, p. 27 —
• TrjTVe ch&rite That most helpe the men to hevene.*
(3) Help lip, Ec 4'" ' Woe to him that is alone when he faJleth : for he hath not another to help him up' (RV 'lift him up'). So Is 49« Cov. 'I wil make the a pledge for tne people, so that thou ehalt helpe up the earth agayne ' ; and Sliaks. Timon, I. i. 107—
* Tis not enough to help the feeble up. But to support him after,'
Help, both as vb. and subst., has often a fuller meaning than ' assistance,' it often means ' deliver- ance,' almost as much as 'salvation.' See csp. I'm 60"= 108" ' Give us help from trouble : for vain is the help of man'(i;ic'ri . . . nni;;, where the second word is usually tr'' 'salvation,' as AVm, R\'m ; LXX/3o>)9fio . . . aunipia ; Vulg. ' auxilium . . . salus'). Cf. .Jer 8^ Tav. 'The liar\'est is cone, the somnicr hath an ende, and we are not healpcd ' ; I's 'J-i' Cov. ' They c.illod upon the, and were helped : tlicy jiut their trust in tiie, and were not confounded ' (SI) I'r. Bk. ' Thej* called upon thee, and were liolpen ').
In On 218. » Eve Is described u *&n help meet (or* Attain. The Ileb. Is the usual word for ' help ' (Ij;*), but the meaning is not, OS vulgarly suppcwi-d ' a help to Adam,' one that wil] tcive hersvlf to serve Aaam. Ttib uiistulte has caustKl (he wurd ' helpmat«* to b« used of ths wife (Bometimos evidently under