&123) remarks that in a branch of Wady Hesban, .W. of the city, are traces of ancient pools and conduits. It requires some imagination on the part of travellers to identify the one large ruined reservoir noted by them with 'the pools of Heshbon by the gate of Bath-rabbim' (Ca 7'') : but the position of the stream outside the present ruins, and the descriptions given above, fully illus- trate the passage. Further information may be obtained from Roland's Pr/lcstina, containing reff. to Talmud, Ptolemy, Pliny, etc. ; Conder, ffeth and Moab, p. 125 a'. ; PEFSt, 1882, 1888.
A. T. CH.4.PMAN. HESHMON (pK'n). — An unknown town in the extreme south of judah, Jos 15-''.
IIETH
HEXATEUCH
:iG3
HETH (letter).— Seo Ciieth.
HETH (nn, efyiii. ami jueaning unknown). — Actordinj; to J (Gn 10'^= 1 Cli 1 "), a son of Canaan. P (mistakenly, a.s Biulde, Stade, Ed. Meyer, etc., tlduk) locates Bend-Hetli at ^Iamre in the time of Abraham, who purchased from Kpliron the Ilittite the cave of Maehpelah, Gn 23^''- 25"' 49-=. The wive.s of Esau are uescribed in Gn 27'' as 'daughters of Heth,' a designation which is identitied in the .same verse with 'daughters of the land' and in 28'-'* with 'daughters of Canaan.' ' It appears that (D)'Bnri had their proper seat in tlie north (where also they were encountered by Assyrians from time of Tiglath-pileser I. and by Egyptians from time of Tahutmes III., of. also •Ig S-*, Jos IP), but that individual Hittites were known in Israel (cf. besides 1 S 20", 2 S IF etc., 1 K 9™) ; that the Hittites were regarded (by J E D)as one of the peoples of Canaan, and that the name even came to be used in a more general sense for Canaanites. Only in P do they appear as having a definite settlement in the south '(C'.r/'. Heb. Lex.). Sayce's argument for the presence of Hittites in Hebron is disproved by Gray (see Expositor, May 18!IS, p. o4uf.). J. A. Selbie.
HETHLON (p'^r-).— An otherwise unknown city, named in Ezk 47" 48' as situated on the ideal northern Iwundary of Israel, in the neighbourhood of llaiiiath and Zedad (cf. Nu 348). Provided the text is not corrupt, Hethlon is probablv (so Furrer, JClil'V viii. 27) the modern llcitda N.fc. of Tripoli. The LXX has in Ezk 47" irepiaxi-ioOaTi^ and in 48' TTcptaxil^oyTO!. It may be mentioned that v. Kasteren pro) loses to identify Hethlon with the modern Aillihi N. of the mouth of the ^vasimiyeh, which he takes to have been the ideal northern boundary ^f Israel. Bertholet (Hesehiel, ad loc.) and Buhl (GAP 66 f.) are inclined to favour v. Kasteren's identification. F. Hosimel.
HEWER OF WOOD.— The Gibeonites, for their fraud practised u])iin Joshua, were condemned to become ' hewers of wood (wtj. '?=n) and drawers of water' for the congregation (Jos 9-'- -'') and for the house of God (9^) or altar of J " (9^). The phra.se occurs al.so in Dt 29", where it is applied to strangers serving individual Israelites. Perhaps a more accurate translation, and one that better brings out the menial nature of the occupation, is 'gatherers of firewood' (see Driver on Dt 29"); tliough the word for ' hewers ' is used alone in 2 Ch 2" of those that hew timber for building. See Drawer of Wateu.
HEXATEUCH. •— The name Hexateuch is now generally given by critics to the fir.st 6 books of OT on the analogy of the Pentateuch, the name long given to the first 5. The object of the change of name is to show that the 6 rather than the 5 form a complete literary whole, and may be looked upon as one book in 6 j)arts. It is not intended by the title either to exclude the i>ossibility that the Hexateuch, like the rest of OT, was subject to con- stant revision, or to imply that the .sources out of which it was eoni|>iled are neces.sarily to be found only in these books. A century ago it was a matter of common belief that the Pentateuch was written by Muses : but this lielief never rested on anything but tradition, ami will not bear examina- tion. It will be shown that, in fact, these books are the result of complicated literary proces.ses ex-
* In this arttclo thu following ablireviationM arv uiied : — J a fahwistic doctiiiu-nt, E= Eloliirtllc ctocument, JE^J and E oonittinetl, D= iH'UUTonomic C«h!i.', JED = JE and l> coniliincd, P- PricBtly docuinvnt, P^* » the l_'<Mle of HolincM, Pc-thonioin workot P, J>, E", etc. "the Kliuola o( J, E, itc., It-KcviKr, at whatever period.
tending over a long period. As the Mosaic author- ship will be thus disproved at the very outset, it reiiuires no separate discussion.
i. The Compo.site Character of the Hexa- teuch.— This is proved by(rt) the mantj unnecessary repetitions. Thus the creation of beasts and birds is related in Gn l-'-^ and again in 2'^, of man in l'" and in 2". The corruption of man and his threatened punishment are described in 6'"', and repeated almost immediately afterwards in 6""" [see Flood]. Abraham's departure from his native land is told in 11" and in 12'-<*. The latter cannot have originally referred to his departure from Haran, which was not his native land (see 12'). The statement of the destruction of the ' cities of the Plain ' and Lot's escape in 19^ is clearly un- necessary after the detailed account of the events just given. The charge given to Jacob to Hee to his uncle Laban is twice related, in 27'-'"" and in 28'''. So in Joseph's early history is the pa.s.sing of the trading caravans, and his being taken down into Egypt, cf. 37^-=' 39' with 37^- ". The giving of names to certain sacred spots is in many cases twice recorded, e.r/. Beersheba 21^'*' 2(j2«-^, Bethel 28"'-~ 3.-)»-'». We have even three accounts of the laughter which occasioned the namin" of Isaac 17" 18'- 21''- '. In the other books we find similar, though less frequent, repetitions. The name J" is twice revealed to Moses E.x 3'^"" G-'". The naming of Meribah and the events wliieh gave rise to it are twice related Ex 17'"', Nu 20'"'^. Of the incidents of the manna and the quails, each occurs twice E.x 16, Nu 11. The frequent repetition of similar laws throughout the legislative portion of He.x. is obvious to the most casual reader. We have striking examples in the laws for the bumt- otlering Lv 1. 22"-*>, the thank-olleringsLvS. 7"--'. In Joshua we find in 12'"'' 13""'- two descriptions of the territory given to the trans-Jordanie tribes, quite distinct from tlie more detailed account of tlie portions a.s.signed to the separate tribes in 1315-si I'he way in which Caleb obtained his portion is fully narrated in 14*"", and stated again as though a fresh fact in 15", and enlarged upon in 1.5'''"'". The lot for the children of Joseph is shortly described in 16''', and then given again in rather greater detail, but with some repetitions, in vv. ■'•''. It should be also borne in mind that the number of repetitions, of which in any ca.se this is bj' no means a complete list, is largely increased if we regard as such what in their present form appear as .similar incidents occurring on dill'erent occasions. Thus there can be little doubt that the three deceptions on the part of a patriarch's wife narrated in Gn 12'""''' 2U'"" '26'"" are mere variants of the same story. The same is true of the ex- pulsions of Hagar in Gn 16. 21''"*'-.