Ilittite sculptures and inscriptions can be tr.aoed as far south in Syria as Ilamah (llamath), and as far westward in Asia Minor as Lydia. In the pass of Kara-bel, near the site of Sardis, are the figures of two Hittite warriors, one of them accomp.inied by Ilittite hieroglyphs, and supposed by Herodotus (II. 100) to be memorials of Egjp. conquest, while other Hittite hieroglyphs have been found at the side of the so-called ■ Weeping Niobe' on Mount Sipylus. From the fact that the figures in the pass are those of warriors, and that in such of the inscriptions as are legible, including one discovered by Ram.say in I'hrygia, the characters which denote the grammatical atli.xes are always the same, we may infer that the Hittite monuments, both of Svria and of Asia
.Minor, all belong to one people, .and that the mor« distant of them imply conquest on the part of a great military power rather than arlislic intluence. The influence of Ilittite art, which can be traced into pri'histiiric Greece, is of a dilterent character.
There is a bilingual in.scripiion, in I'uiu'iform and Ilittite char.aclers, on the silver 'boss' of Tarkondemo.s, but it has proveil insullicient to furnish a key to the interpretation of the in.scri|>- tions. A brilliant attem|it has been made, indeed, by Jensen (ZDMU, 1 W)4, p)). •-'.■!.'. ff., 429 if.), of which Ilil|>recht speaks very highly (iifc. Jlis. in Bible J.iiiiiln. p. 178. • correct in its iirincipal results' ; cf. Hah. Erpi'tl. of I'ennsyl. i. lo, 'Jensen has forced the Ilittite sphinx to surrender her long guariled .Secret'). The present writer cannot a.ssent to llilprecht's verdict. All we can gather with certainty is that the hieroglyphs are partly ideo- graphic, partly phonetic ; that some of them are deternnuatives ; that the lines read alternately from right to left, and from left to right; ancl that the grammatical relations are marke<l by aflixcs. Most of the in.scriptions are in relief. The proper names of genuine Hittite origin found in the Egj'p. and Assyr. text.s are non-.Semitic, and a comparison of them goes to show that the nom. sing, of the noun was characterized by the suffix -.•<. As the Ilittites ruled over an Aramaic population in X. Syria, we naturally find .Xranuean by the side of Hittite names. The Hittite hieroglyphs were of native origin, and may have been selected from an older pictorial .system of writing, once used in Asia Minor, of which certain characters on two seals discovered at Vuzghfit, on the one side, and the Cretan pictographs recently brought to light by Evans, on the other side, may be further relics.
The primitive home of the Hittite race was probably Cappadocia. Here, at any rate, in the ruins of Boghaz Keui aiul Eyuk, to the east of the Halys, are the remains of two of their most im- portant cities. Boghaz Keui seems to have been a centre of religious worship, and the figures of numerous deities are carved in relief upon its rocks. The mmal crown worn by some of the goddesses pas.sed westward into (ircek art. Ramsay {Citii'S anil liisliiiprir.i of I'liri/ijia, I. pp. xiii-xv. 1895) has jiointed out that the ancient high-roads which intersected Asia Jlinor and led to northern Syria met at Boghaz Keui, indicating that here was the centre of an empire which once extended from Kadesh on the Orontes lo the shores of the ^-Egean.
The relation between the Ilittites of N. Syria and the Hittiles of (Jenesis and I'.zekiel who lived in S. Palestine is uncertain. We may infer, Imw- ever. from the identity of name, that in the view of the bib/ical writers the two populations were connected in race. This is .supported by the fact that, according to the Egyp. monuments, the Hittiles and Amoriles were interlocked in the north, just as they were, according lo the (IT, in the .south. It is further verified by the expression, •the laud of the Hittiles, the Greater,' used by Tliothmes III., which implies that there was another lesser Hiltite-land. as well as by a ba.s- relief at Karnak in which the people of Ashkelon are represented with characteristically Hittite features. This shows that a fragment of the Hittite race must have been .settled in the south of Palestine (butsee Gray, Expos. May, 1898, p. 340 f. ).
LiTRKATCRR.— Savce. The Monuments of the UittiteH in TSB.\, ISS.1, The I'IMUeK. ISSs. The Uitcenof the OT. IV.U ; W. WiifTlil, The Empire of the lliltiten. 1S34; I'errot and Clii|iii-z, //iMloire de V Art Oiintt tWittitiuite, veil. iv. (fSS7) ; L, de Lant- sheere, [)e la Race et de la /Mnf/ue de/i Ilittites, lsy'.i ; Ilyl., I'araitteu. 269 ff.; Scbradcr, KAT^ 1U7 ff. ; Meyer, (iench. i. ■-'13 f., Z.l irr 1. 12.5 ff.; SUidc, Oewh. i. 14:i; Budde. Vryen-h. :!46 ir. ; .lerisen, llittit. u. Armen., IS'JS ; fnnder. Ililtilen. Isna
A. H. S.VYCK.
HIVITES (';r', always with the art. collectively
HIZKI
HOD
393
•inn ; Ei'aioi). — Tlie name of one of the petty tribes inhabiting Canaan, who were dispossessed by the Israelites. To juilgo from the passages which localize them most delinitely, their liome was in Central Palestine; in Jos 'J' (J E) and 11''' (D-) the inhabitants of Gibeou, about 6 miles N.N.W. of Jerusalem, and (it seems to be implied in 9") of ceitain neighbouring cities, are called Hivites ; in Gn 34- (P; or [Corn.] E) the term is applied to Hamor, father of Shechem(who is here represented as an individual),* likewise a city in Central Pales- tine {Cn 33'^ Jg 9 etc. ), 30 miles N. of Jerusalem ; 2 S 24' is ambi^'uous ; but the statement that Joab