information supplied by Josephus from the Tyrian historians, Menander and Dius(.'ln<. vill. ii. 6-9, V. .") ; c. Apion. i. 17, 18). According to the latter, Hiram was the son of Abibaal, and died at the age of 53 after a glorious reign of 34 years. Now, we have already seen that the building of David's palace followed immediately after the capture of Jerusalem (2 S 5"), i.e. in the seventh year of David's reign. It is further stated (1 K 9""-) that Hiram was still alive in the twentieth year of Solomon's reign, so that, according to the biblical narrative, the total length of his reign must have e.\ceeded 50 years. The disagreement between the two accounts is ma<le even clearer by the state- ment of Josephus (.In^, VIII. iii. 1), that the building of the temple began in the 11th year of HiKim. For the temple was begun in the 4th year of Solomon (1 K 6'), so that Hiram and Davul could have reigned only 8 years contemporaneously. It has been conjecturea by Ewald {Gesch. iii. p. 307) and liertheau (on 2 Ch 2-) that the Hiram of David's reign was the grandfather of Solomon's con tern poraiy. Thenius, on the other hand (on 2 S 5", 1 K 5'), suppo.ses that Abibaal was merely an honorary title, and that both father and son were called Hiram. The most probable solution of the dilliculty is that the Books of Samuel are not chronologically arranged, and that David's p.alace was not actually built until the end of his reign (Movers, Die Phonizier, ii. 1, p. 148 f. ; see SAMtJEL, BooK.s OF).
Jo.sephus further recounts {Ant. VIII. v. 3 ; c. Apion. L 17, 18), on the authority of Menander and Dins, that Solomon and Hiram engaged in a contest with riddles, in which the former was liiially overcome bj' a young TjTian named .Abde- mou. In another passage {Ant. VIII. ii. 0-7) be sets forth the letters wliicli passed between the two kings on the subject of the building of the temple, and asserts that copies were jireserved, not onlj' in Jewish books, but in the Tj-rian state- records (cf. 2 Cli 2"). In all probability, these letters are to be ascribed to Josejilius himself ; they are given at greater length by Kupolemon (Kusebius, Praip. Evrmrj. ix. 33, 34), and are men- tioned by Alexander Polyhistor (Clem. Alex. Strom. i. 21). According to Clem. Alex. {loc. cit.) and Tatian (Or. c Grccros, § 37), Solomon married tlw daughter of Hiram (cf. 1 K IP-', where Zidoniaiis are mentioned among Solomon's wives).
Among the more important events of the glori- ous reign of Hiram may be mentioned (1) the campaign against the inhabitants of Cyprus, who had refused to pay the customary tribute; (2) tlie fortilication of the island of Tyre ; (3) the erection of new temples to Hercules and Astarte. H. further restored many old sanctuaries and enriched one of the chief temples (that of Zeus liaalsaniin) with numerous gcdden ornaments, in particular with a golden pillar (mentioned by Herodotus, ii. 44). See Movers, Die Pkunizier, II. i. 141 f.
2. The artilicer procured by king Solomon from Tj're for the purpose of casting the various vessels and orii.um'iits of bra.ss for tlie ti'iii|ile (1 K 7"''i : ace. to •_' ( 'h 2'-', he was also ' skilful to work in gold and in silver ... in iron, in stone, and in timber, in purple, in blue, and in fine linen, and in crim- son.' The more importnnt of his works were the two pillars of brass, the molten sea and the twilve oxen, the ten bases and the ten liivers, all of bra.ss, besides the ve.s.sels of brii-ss required for the temple service. According to 1 K 7 bis mother wii.s a widow woman of the tribe of Naphtali, and bis father a Tyrian brassworker. The ("bronicler, however, describes him as ' Hiiram Abi * C;? 0";in ;
• The word ' Abl ' (•;!< ' my father ') Is usually taken (Der- theau on S Ch 2>') in tlie M-niie of ' nuuler,' a title >t respect and distinction : ot. On 4«m t» etc
390
HIKE, HIRELING
HITTITES
41a 1-3N =-;'n)_ the son of a woman of tlip daueliters of Dan' (•_' Ch 2i«). As Giesc-bn-clit lias shown (Z.l'/'ir. 1881, p. 239 f., but see Chiyne in h'rimsi- ttinj TimcK, .Tune 1898, p. 471"), it is prubahle that the Chronicler has here prcserveil the truer account ; the latter iiorlion of the name was omitted as iniintelliiliblf by the author of Kings (cf. I, XX to 2 Ch *J^^ rdv Tarepa twv, iraida fwv). lie furtlier suiisxests that the ilislike felt by the eilitnr of Kinus to the iilca of the temple beiuf; built by a half- I'hiLMiiiiau, caused him to insert the wortis ' a \vidi>\vofthetribeofXaphtali'(''^;o;n-j50 _ _ _ ^^7^^'), the alteration of IJ •"''Jir (' of the daughters of Dan ') into 'T??! 'iisn? ('of the tribe of Naphtali') being the more permissible, since Dan lay in the terri- tory of Naphtali. Josephus (Ant. vili. ill. 4) describes him as of the tribe of Naphtali on his mother's side, his father being I'r of the stock of Israel (cf. on this later tradition Ed. Konig in i,'j-/ios. Tiiiii'S, May 1898, p. 34(i").
J. F. Stexnisg.
HIRE, HIRELING.— Hire in AV is equivalent always to mod. ir,iii:x. 'I'hus Gn 31* 'The ring- straki-d shall be thy hire ' ; Is 23'" • And her mer- chandise and her hire shall be holine.s-s to the I<i>i;i)' (Del. 'her gain and her wages become holy unto .1"'); Mic 3" ' 'I'lie h;ads thereof judge for reward, and the priests thereof teach for hire ' ; Lk 10' ' the labourer is worthy of his hire.' Tindale lias the word very much as in the mod. use in Mk 12' 'And let yt out to liyre unto hus- baiulnien.' The plu. ' hires,' now obsolete, occurs once in W, Jlic 1' ' All the hires thereof shall he burned with fire.' So Wye. (1388) in Lv 25^', Kzk Iti". and (l:!SO) Ro (i-^ 'Treuli the hyris of syniie, det-th ' (l:i88, ' For the wagis of synne is deth ').