deformity alone is no more argument to make her a Witch, then handsomenesse had been evidence to prove her an Harlot.' J. HASTINGS.
ILLUMINATE, ILLUMINATION.— Milton uses the verb to illuminate (' give light to,' 'enlighten') literally in PL vii. 350—
* And made the stare. And set them in tlie limianient of heaven. To illuminate the earth.'
He has it li^uratively in Sam. Arjon. 1689, ' Though blind of siglit . . . with inward eyes illuminated ' ; so T. Fuller, Holy State, iii. 12, p. 184, ' Of Naturall Fools' — ' God may sometimes illuminate them, and (es]iecially towards their death) admit them to the jiossession of some part of reason.' It is liguratively th.it tlie vb. occurs in AV, Bar 4- ' Walk in the iirosence of the light thereof, that thou mayost be illuminated ' ; and He 10** ' after ye were illu- nunated, ye endured a great fight of alllictions' ((puTiaBivTct, RV ' enlightened ').
AV has followed the Rhem, NT here, which (after Vulg.) \\bm 'illumitiate' in the foil, passages in which the Gr. is ^ayTi'Ci'v, Eph 118 3", 2Ti I"), He li' lOSa, Rev 18' ZV^ 2-21>, having ' lit'lilL-n ■ in the remaining places, viz. Lk 113", Jn 19, 1 Co 46. No other version uses the word ; but in He 6* Wye. (1;IS0) has ' illumyiied,' lysS ' litrhtned.' It may be noted that Shales, uses thethree forms of the vb. ' illume,' 'illumine,* and ' iUuminate' ; Milton only * illume ' and * illuminate.'
Illumination occurs in AV but once. Sir 25" ' The love of the Lord p.asseth all things for illumin.ition' (eis <f>uTiaiMv ; KV after edd. omits). Cf. the Rhem tr° of 2Ti 1'° ' But it is manifcstc.t now by the illumination Uirupdueia, Vulg. lUiinii- vntin) of our Saviour Jesus Christ, who hath de- stroied death, and illuminated ((poiri^dv, Vulg. ilhoninare.) life and incorruption by the Gosjicl' ; and the heading to Jn 9 'Our Lord . . . lore- telleth by this occasion tlie excecation of the Jewes (because of their wilful obstinacie) and illumina- tion of the Gentils who confesse their owne blind- nes.' J. Hastings.
ILLYRICUM ('IXXiipi/tii-) was a term used in various senses ; but in the mouth of St. Paul (Ro 15'°) it must undoubtedly be interpreted in its Roman sense, as denoting the Roman province which extended along the Adri.atic from Italy and Pannonia on the nortli to the Macedonian province on the south. That this Roman sense was in the apostle's mind is shown, not merely by his con- sistent practice of using geographical terms in the Roman sense (Zahn, Einleltunq, p. 130) and by the fact that it was natural and almost neces- sary in writing to a Roman church to follow the Roman usage, but also by the very form of the word. The Greek term was 'IXXupis or 'IXXu^ia; and the strict and regular Greek noun, used to translate the Latin lUi/ricum, was 'IXXupfs (so in Strabo, pp. 323, 327 ; while Ptolemy formally gives 'IXXi'pfs in the Greek version of 2 Ch 16 corre- sponding to Illyricum in the Latin version). But St. Paul simply transliterates the Roman form into Greek as 'IXXi>/)iic:6i» ; Ro 15" is probably the only passage in Greek where a noun 'IXXupixAv is used (showing how Roman St. Paul was in his expression of political or geographical ideas); else- wliere 'IXXupiK^s is .always an adjective.
The conquest of Illyricum had been a very slow process ; a province lUyria had been formed as early as B.C. 167, and during the following two centuries all new conq^uests east and norlli-east of the Adriatic were incorporated in Illyricum, until in A.D. 10 Augustus separated Pannonia from it, and gave a final organization to Illyricum. The [irovince was important and warlike ; a large force of troops was required to maintain order, two legions, vii and xi, being stationed there by Augustus ; and the governor was a consular
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hiatus Augusti pro prwtore. T)ie northern half of the province was called Libumia, and the eoutliern, Dalmatia (wh. see). The name Ual- matia, however, gradually came into use to denote the province as a whole j and from the Flavian period onwards it became the reg^ular and usual term. Pliny, \vriting before 77, uses both terms. Suetonius uses lUyricum for the time of the earlier emperors (distinguishing Dalmatia as a part of the country under Augustus), while he u.ses both names for the time of Otho and of Claudius. It is therefore interesting to find that St. Paul in a later epistle (2 Ti 4'*') uses the later term Dal- matia, and not the older term lUyricum. This ali'ords no argument for a post- Pauline date. The name Dalmatia was coming into use during his lifetime ; and such changes first atl'ect the usage of ordinary life before they affect the formal official and literary usage. If Pliny, wlio was 80 much atl'ected by the expression of his authori- ties (who, being early, would all use the name IlIjTicum), could use the term Dalmatia before 77, St. Paul might use it ten years earlier. In fact, we may from the usage of St. Paul date the definite change in popular Koman usage from the one term to the other about A.D. 57 to G7.