1. To entreat is simply to 'deal with,' 'handle,' any person or thing, as Hos 6'' Cov., ' O Ephraim, what shal I do unto the ? 0 luda, how shall I intreate the?' More, Utopia (VaTahy's ei. p. 69), ' Ther com yearly to Amaurote out of every cytie iii. old men wyse and well experienced, there to entreate and debate, of the common matters of the land.' But in AV the word is used in this sense only with an ad v., 'well, "evil, "spitefully," shamefully,' and once in a good sense, ' courteously,' Ac 27'.
2. To intreat is to ' beseech ' ; but in older Eng. the word had also the meaning of ' beseech success- fully,' 'persuade.' Thus Shaks. As You Like It, I. ii. 135, ' since the youth will not be entreated, his own peril on his forwardness.' In this sense ' intreat ' is evidently used in AV, as Gn 25'^' ' And Isaac intreated the Lord for liis wife . . . and the Lord was intreated of him.' So 2 S 21" 24=*, 1 Ch 5=», 2 Ch SS's-i", Ezr 8=^, Is ID**. The Heb. is al- ways the reflex. (Niph.) of irij;, 'Athar (as Gn 25-' 'i'' i?^'!), which in Arabic is ' to slaughter or sacri- fice' (Lane, see also Buhl s.v., and esp. We.), but in Heb. is used with the more general sense of ' supplicate ' in the reflex. ' to let oneself be supplicated,' ' be persuaded,' so that ' be intreated ' ■was an exceedingly liappy rendering. In Ja 3", ' easy to be intreated ' (eilTreiSiis, not elsewhere in NT), the meaning is the same. The tr. is Tin- dale's ; Wye. has 'able to be counceilid,' Rhem. ' suasible.' J. HASTINGS.
INWARD, INWARDS.— Inward means: 1. To- ■«'ards the inside, as 2 S 5' ' And David built round about from Millo atd inward ' (.1(1;;) ; 2 Ch
3" 'The wings of these cherubims spread them selves fortli twenty cubits : ami they stood on their feet, and their faces were inward ' (n;;S ; RV [as A^'m] ' toward the house,' RVm ' in- ward'); Ezk 40* 'the porch of the gate was inward ' (n:;np, RV ' toward the house '). 2. As an adj. inward has two meanings: (1) Interior, as in Bacon, Essaijs, 'Of Building,' p. 184, 'Be- yond this Court let there be an Inward Court, of the same Square and Height ' ; Bunyan, Holy War, p. 133, ' The Gaoler, therefore, having re- ceived such a charge, put them all in the inward prison ' ; and Shaks. Ci/mb. lu. iv. 6 —
* Wherefore breaks that sigh From the inward of thee ? '
The Heb. kercbh, a subst. of frequent occurrence and variously translated (but of which the "cneral meaning is well seen in Ps 103' '3^i?■''3 ' all that is within me '), is rendered by ' inward part ' or ' parts ' in Ps S', Is 16", Jer 31=o (see also Gn 41=' A V m) ; and by ' inward thought ' in Ps 49" 64", where the meaning is ahnost ' .secret,' as in Bacon, Advancement of Learn. II. xxiii. 48, 'The govern- ment of the soul in moving the IJody is inward and profound.' ' Inward parts ' is the tr" also of tuhdth (parts covered) in Job 38*^ (but see David- i9on and RVm), Ps 5P ; and of hiXdArim (chambers) in Pr20'-'''", RV 'innermost parts.' Inward lias the same meaning of ' interior ' in 2 Mac 3'" ' tlie changing of his colour declared the inward .agony of his mind' (Gr. simply aytuvla, RV 'distress'). And in NT there occurs ' the inward man,' Ro 7==, 2 Co 4'" (6 ?<ru (Si'tfpuTros), i.e. the conscience oi reason, as opposed to the body (6 i^a ifSpuiro^, 2 Co 4" ; see Inner Man), a phrase used also by Shaks. in Hamlet, li. ii. 8 —
' Something have you heard Of Hamlet's transfonnation ; so I call it. Since not the exterior nor the inward man Resembles that it was.*
And Pericles, II. ii. 57 —
* Opinion's but a foot, that makes us scan The outward habit by the inward man.'
We also find in 2 Co 7" the phrase ' inward affec- tion ' as the tr° of air\dyx''Oi, a tr" which comes from Tindale, and is accepted by all the Eng. VSS except Rhem. 'bowels.' Wye. 1380 has ' en- traylis,' 1388 ' inwardnesse.' (2) But the adj. ' inward ' means intimate in Job 19'''' ' All my inward friends abhorred me ' {"yo 'np-Ss, lit. as RVm ' all the men of my council '). Davidson calls the AV tr" ' a fine expression,' and adds, ' the reference is to such as his three friends, men whose high converse and fellowship seemed to Job, as a thoughtful godly man, sometliing almost better than relationsliip, Ps 55'^' Fuller uses the word in the same sense in Holy Warre, ii. 37 (p. 92), ' the Caliph himself . . . having few of his most inward eunuchs about him ' ; and Evelyn, Diary, July 22, 1674, ' He was ... bo inward with ray Lord Obrien that, after a few moneths of that gentleman's death, he married his widow ' ; and Shaks. has it not only as an adj. Rich. III. III. iv. 8, ' Who is most inward with the noble duke?' but also as a subst., Meas. for Meas. III. ii. 138, ' I was an inward of his.'