for nx.'.n the adopt the somewhat hazardous conjecture (Then. Klost.) that he is identical with 2. Ira the Ithrito ("'"■i), one of David's heroes (2S 23^"=1 Ch ll-""). M.i.-t iirobably Then, and Klost. are right in pointing the text ditlerciitly (IKCi for 'i.n:.^, see iTHunK, TlIK), and treating Ira as a native of Jattir in the liill-countrv of Judah (cf. 1 S SO-"). 3. (2 S 23=«, B Efpos, A • Va^; 1 Ch 11=* 'V.pai ; 1 Ch 27», B 'OSoviat, A Ei>d, Ilira) Another of David's heroes, son of Ikkesh the Teko- ite. According to 1 Ch '27" he was captain of the temple guard for the sixth monthly course.
J. F. Ste.nnino. IRAD (HTV, LXX raiJdS).- Son of Enoch and grandson of Cain (Gn 4"). The name perhaps means 'fugitive' (Budde, 'strong,' 'increasing,' following the Arabic 'arada, which, used of plants, = ' come forth and become tall ' or ' come forth hard and erect ' [Lane, 1997 f.]), and may be a translornia- tion of If (t;n 5"'= I Ch P). See Dillmann and Spurrell on Gn 4", and Buddc, Urgeschichte, 123 (F.
IRAM (cr;).— A ' duke '(v^ti) of Edom, Gn 36*'= 1 Ch 1". The precise connotation of the name in this ' gcograpliKostatislical list' (Diilm.) is un- known. The LXX has in (in \ 'AaipiJtl, llE Za^ucir, in 1 Ch B 'iai()tj(ii>, A 'llpa/jL.
IR-HA-HERES (o^n.? n').— In Is 19" the name to be given to one of the ' live cities in the land uf Egypt that speak the language of Canaan, ami swear to Jehovah of hosts' ; in AV, KV, 'one shall be called The city of dc>truction.' The pa.s.sage is dillicult ; and many dillereiit views have been held about it, e-^iiecially in moilern times.
(1) The .AIas>oretic reading of the jmssnce (which is supported by .-Vq. Tlieo<l. Pe.sh.) is that given al)Ove : and of this the usunlly accepted iiiterpretn- tion is that expressed in AV, KV, and adopted by I)elitz.sch ; the iiaiiic 'city of destroying' — or, more exactly, 'of tearing down,' the verb i";? being used properly of tearing or pulling duum
480
IK-HA-HERES
IR-IlA-HEKEb
buildings, cities, altars, etc. (Ex 23-', 1 K IS*', 1 S 14", Ezk 13'^ etc.) — is suppused to be chosen /or tlie sake of a punning allusion to hires (o";7 Job 9") 'sun,' the 'city of the sun' being a designation which might have been given in Heb- rew to On, the Heliopolis of the Greeks, a citj' a few miles to the N.E. of the modern Cairo, in ancient times the chief centre of the sun-worship in Egypt, and full of obelisks dedicated to the sun-god, Ka. The meaning of the piissage, tlu.n, is that the place which has hitherto been a 'tity of the sun' wOl in the future be called the 'city of destroying,' i.e. a city which has devoted itself to destroying the temples and emblems of thj sun ; cf. the proi)lieey of Jeremiah (43"), where il is said of Nebuchadnezzar that ' he will break in pieces the pillars (i.e. obelisks) of Beth-shemcsh (the 'house, ur temple, of the sun '), that is in the land of Egj'pt. The objections which have been urged against this view, that it requires too much to be sup[)lied, that uy} does not occur elsewhere, and that the expression ought rather to mean ' the destroj'ed city,' are not cogent : the name is, of course, meant allusivel_y, not as a complete defini- tion ; there are many otlier words which occur but once in the Hebrew Bible ; t and the sense in which the 'destroying' was meant would be determined by the context.
(2) Symm. (tto'Xis ii\iov), Vulg. {civitas Solii), the Talm. (Menuhoth, llO"), and Saadyah (10th cent.), read o-rn ('sun') for cy; ('destruction'), a reading found also in 16 Heb. MSS.t This reading, in spite of the preference expressed for it by Ges. (/7(e.5.) and Riehm (Einl. ii. 552 f.), cannot be deemed probable, — at least, if the words be ac- cepted as Isaiah's : if it be adopted, be it observed, the expression used by the prophet would be, not ' one sliail be the city of the sun ' (in which case, no doubt, his words could be understood as a promise of the conversion of Heliopolis to the worshi]3 of Jehovah), but 'one shall be called the city of the sun,' an idiom which, according to usage (cf. 1'-" 43 95 6l3b.662J, Jer I9», Hos l"), always implies that the words following denote the character of the place or person mentioned ; and it would be very pointless to say that one of the converted cities would bear the character of a sun-city.
Ges. (Comm.\ Ew., Knob., who adopt the same reading, ex- plain it from the Arab, harasa, 'the guarded or protected city' ; but this is to introduce a very questionable Arabism into the text of the OT.
(3) The LXX has TriXis aaeScK, i.e. p-^w I'V 'city of righteousness' (cf. 1'^ 61"'). "This would yield a fair, though not a specially pertinent sense : it is open to the suspicion of being an alteration based on 1^ (where the ' righteousness' is in pointed con- trast to the unrighteousness denounced in vv.21-23 etc. ). On the other hand, that in Egypt the text of Is 19 was treated freely, and accommodated to the circumstances of a later age, is evident from the LXX rendering of v.^, where, for ' Blessed be Egypt my people,' they substitute ' Blessed be mi/ people that is m Egypt,' with manifest reference to the Jews settled there in the time of the Ptolemies. See further (5).