Inwards never occurs in AV or RV as an adv., but always as a subst., and the tr" of kerebh, bowels. See next article and Sacrifice. In Shaks. // Henry IV. iv. iii. 115, it is used generally of the inner parts of the body, ' The second property of your excellent sherris is, the warming of the blood ; which, before cold and settled, left the liver white and pale, which is the badge of pusillanimity and cowardice ; but the sherris warms it, and makes it course from the
INWARDS. IXWARD PARTS
lE-HA-HERES
479
Unvanls to the parts extreme ' ; but more par- ticularly of the bowels, in Othello, U. i. 3uti —
• The thought whereof Doth like « poisonous mineral gnaw my inward^/
J. Hastings. INWARDS, INWARD PARTS.— ' Inwards,' re- presentinK y\p,, is repeatedly used in AV of Ex and Lv as equivalent to ' entrails.' ' In- ward p.arts' is used in a much wider application throu^'hont the OT, and represents not only 3"!i5 of the original, but t>j\'cral other words, as c'vo, rtna, |f3"T;r, an'! rS. The phrase is used in two bro.'uily distincv .tpplications — (1) in the literal or corporeal, (2) in the tropical or psjxhical.
1. Examples of the literal sense are Gn 41'*, where ' eaten them up' is rendered in AVm ' come to the inward parts ' (nj^-ip-^x) ; 1 K 17-', where ' let tlie child's suul come to him again ' is on the margin ' into his inward parts ' {i2"ip-7i).
2. Exanii)les of the tropical application for the ' inward ' or ' hidden ' in cliaracter contrasted with the ' outward' or ' manifest' are Ps S' 02^ (lleb. "), mouth or outw.ard expression (is) contrasted with thoughts (3-;i5) ; Ps ei"" (Heb. '), where y^z "•"d 3^ are put for the concealed elements of character. In Is IG" both C'l'? and 3"iR are used niet.apborically of the divine corap.assions. In Jer SI"* ^-g), and :!? are used of the inward nature of man as the seat of a divine renewal.
Several familiar examples of the phrase for the ' secrets of the human soul ' threaten to disappear from our Bibles under the ctl'cct of modern alterations in reading and rendering, e.g. Ps 49" 'Their inward thought is that their houses,' etc., by the transposition of two letters (a^3p for c;-|p), becomes 'Their graves are their houses,' a reading supported by Sept. Pesh. Targ. and adopted bj- most modern scholars (RVm) ; Job 3S^', wliere nina 'inw;ird parts' can be rendered 'dark clouds,' ana the iJuraUel word for ' mind,' ' meteors ' (see RVm) ; Ps 51" (Hob.'), where AVellhausen (following Hitzig) holds that tlie consonants ninaa represent, not the noun n'lns and preposition ?, but a derivative of tlie verbnc3, and accordingly renders ' Faith and trust, it is these Thou lovest ('Psalms' in Puhjchrom^ Eilile, Lond. 18'J8). See, fiuther, Cheyne in Ex- positor, Aug. 1898, p. 83 tt".
In the NT the pliiase, represented by ri (awdev, is used only in Mt 7"^ and Lk ll'"' in the unfavour- able sense "for inward wickedness. The other use of inner or inward man in relation to the renewed nature is almost wholly Pauline. See INNEK MAN.
J. Laidlaw.
lOB (3V, AV Job).— The third son of Issachar, Gn -10". Job (31') appears to be a textual error for Jasliuh (■2\a;) of the parallel passages Nu 26-'', 1 Ch 7", which is read by Sam. Pent, and Pesh. even in Gn, and is sujiported by LXX 'lacoi<l>, Luc. 'lao-oi'/S. So Dillmann, Oxf. lleb. Lex., etc.
J. A. Sm.lilE.
IPHDEIAH (n^s: 'J" redeems').— A Benjamite chief, 1 Cli 8'^. See Genealogy.
IPHTAH (ni?0', AV Jiphtah).— A town in the Shephelah of Judah, Jos 15". The name has not been recovered.
IPHTAH-EL (Sx-ni3r\ AV Jiphtah-cl).— A ravine (K'j) N.W. of Hannatiion, on the north border of Zebulun, Jos PJ"-". The situation of DAniiESlli-.Til (v.") seems to sliow that the great ravine, called Wailij el-Kiirn, ' vallev of the horn,' west of Ke/r 'An^tn, is intended. 'I'he word lias nothing to do with the name .fe/iit {i.e. Jotapata of Jos. W'ir.<i, iii. 7), with which it has been wrongly compared [e.g. by Kobiiisoii, liUP iii. p. 107).
C. R. CONDER.
(;_.A1 ^■>='oi Jattir,' i.e. -!.?:ri Jairitcs, Luc. 6 'Uff^p), we adopt tli
IR (ly, A 'dpi, B 'Pauft), 1 Ch 7'-.— Shuppim and Hup]>im are mentioned as the sons of Ir (called in V.' Iri) in a list of the sons of Beiijaiiiin.
IRA (KTV, Eipat, Ira). — 1. A Jairite, i.e. of Jair, a family of Gilead (Nu 32*' etc.). He Is described as ' priest unto Uavid ' (cf. 2 S 8'*, where David's sons are also called ' priests ' ; Driver, tiam. pp. 219 and 293 f.), and associated with Zadok and Abia- thar (2 S 2U^). It may be noted in this connexion (a) that in the list of court ollicials given in 2 .S H'"- (from which this notice [2 S 20-°J appears to be repeated, cf. liudde, Itlchter u. Hamucl, p. 254) no mention is made of Ira, (6) that his name is also absent from the list in 1 Ch 18"" (which, liowuver, is simply transcribed from 2 S 8) ; in both these passages a statement as to the office of David's sons is substituted (?), and (r) that the dilliculty attaching to the word 'priest' in tliis passage, whether it be applied to Ira or to the sons of David (in 1 Ch 18 'priests' is changed to 'chiefs about the king,' -^a? t^ D'j-pn-it), admits of solu- tion if the passage is assigned to a late date (although, of course, it may be plausibly urged on the other hand that tlie freer use of the word 'priests' is an evidence of antiquity). Ad- ditional conlirmation is thus given to Budde's theoi-y that 2 S 2u-^"'-* were repeated (with varia- tions) from 2 S S'^'- by a later redactor, who wished to include the genuinely old section 2S 9>-2o--' and took this means of connecting the chapters added with what preceded (see S.iMUEL, Books of). Nothing further is known of this Ira, unless, following the reading of the Peshitta