■ l>>lialily ri|iiivalent to tb< holl-ihi'kil of Ex SOUCct. lU'U. Stta-Xeh. p. -74 note).
516
ISRAEL, HISTORY OF
ISRAEL, KINGDOM OF
a massacre, an enslavement, and a Syrian occupa- tion of the citaJel [it a«rpa) of Jerusalem. On these followed an attempted conversion by force of the Jewish people to heathenism. The observance of the Sabbath and of circumcision was forbidden, copies of the Law were burnt, an altar was erected to Zeus in Jerusalem, and the Jews were compelled under penalty to participate in heathen sacrilices and to eat swine's flesh (1 Mac 2""'-, 2 Mac C'*"). A large party amon'; the Jews were willing to fall in (at least outwardly) with the kinj;'s plans, a large party again (the o-i'cq /lasidlm, (Jr. 'Ao-iSaioi) prelened to oU'er only passive resistance (1 Mac 2JSS8 7iu-i7)^ ijut tiiere was fortunately a third party — perhaps not large in numbers at first — led uy a priestly family afterwards called ' Maccabees.' Judas ' the Maccabee' was a hero of the stamp of David. Personally brave, he was also no con- temptible leader, and though he died early, ho had first taught the Jewish forces to face their enemies in battle with success.
Tlie canijjaigns of Judas fall into three divisions. (1) Defensive, against the Syrians. Hy victories at Bethhoron and at Beth-zur he repulsed the enemy advancing from the West and from tlie South, and was not overcome until, in B.C. 162, I.ysias, accompanied by the young king Antioulius v., led an armv of 120,000 men and thirty-two elephants (1 Mac &") into Juda-a. (2) OfTensive- deien.'^ive in Gilead and (with his brother Simon in immediate command) in Galilee. From both tlie.se districts the Jewish ' garrisons,' with their wives and children, were withdrawn and brought into Juda-a. (3) Oll'ensive, against the Edomites and Philistines, to erdarge the borders of his tiny state.
Against the immense resources of the Syrian kingdom the courage and skilful generalship of Judas would perhaps have failed had they not been seconded by the rivalries of various claimants to the Syrian throne. In the hour of victory (B.C. 162) Lysias was forced to grant to the Jews that religious freedom, the denial of which had occasioned the five years' war. In spite of further conflicts, in the course of which Judas fell, the cause of Jewish autonomy never went back, and at last, in B.C. 153, Jonathan the brother of Judas was able to put on the sacred vestments as high priest of the Jews, acknowledged by Alexander Balas, king of Syria (1 Mac lOi'^a- ■>»«■). In B.C. 142 Simon, the brother and successor of Jonathan, forced the Syrian garrison to evacuate the citadel of Jerusalem, and in the following year the whole nation of the Jews acknowledged the great services of the Maccabsean family by declaring Simon to be ' high priest, captain, and governor' for ever(l Mac 14"-"). See, further, art. Maccabees.
[The later history belongs rather to the Intro- duction to the NT. See New Testament Times, History of].
LiTERATURB. — (^)QeDeral Histories : — H. Ewald. Hiit, of Jer., Eng. tr. by Martineau and Carpenter ; A. P. Stanley, Jevnsh Church (based on Ewald) ; E. Renan, Histoire du PeupU (V Israel ; B. Stade, GVI, 1887; J. Wellhausen, Itr. u. Jud. Geschichtt, 1894 (ed. 3, 1898), art. ' Israel ' in 9th ed. ot Encijc. Brit.; H. Gratz, Geschichte der Juden von den dlteaten Zntnif 1853-75 (vols. i. ii., containing,' the Biblical history, were written last), Uietory o/ the Jews, Enjr. tr. by Bella Lowy, 1891-92 ; R. Kittel, Geschichte der HeUruer (to B.C. 6S6), 1888, 1892, A History of the Uebrm's, Eng. tr. by J. Taylor, Hope W. Hogg, and E. B. Spiers; A. Klostermann, GVI (to Nehemiah), 1S9U ; C. K. Kent, Ilistori/ of the Hebrew People (to B.C. 686), 1897 ; 0. H. Comill, G\'I (to A.D. 70), 189S, History o/ the Peo])le of Israel, Eng. tr. by W. H. Carruth, 1898; C. Piepenbring, Histoire du Peuple d' Israel (to the Maccabees), 1898 ; O. Maspero, Hist. Anc. de^ Peuples de VOrient, vol. ii. (the Eng. tr. (nnder title ' Struggle of the Nations '] is not to be recommended, being In places very incorrect) ; H. Winckler, GescK des IsrarU in Bijwrldarstitlungen, i. (1895). Articles in this Diet., Assyru (F. Hommel), Babylonia (F. Hommel), Eotpt QiV. E. Crum).
(B) Historical Monographs: — Articles in this Dictionary, iBRAHAH (U. K Ryle), David (H. A. White), Isaiah (G. A.
Sniilh), Jacob (Driver), Joseph (Driver), etc. ; wparate -vorka. 8. K. Driver, ti^fe and 'rimes of Isaiah (• Men of the Uiblo 'j 118881 : T. K. Chryae, Jeremitth (same series).
luiporUint works on the Return and Post-exilic Period ; — Kuenen, Die t'hronol. d, pers. Zeitalters, and Das W'erk Esra't (•Gesani. Abhandl.,' 212fl., 3709.); W. H. Kosters, Wiederher- ftettun{i Israels, Deutsch von A. Basedow ; various works by V. llouiuicker, esp. A'ouvelles Etudes sur la liestauration juive, 1890; E. Meyer, Eatstehung d. Jwlenthuins ; T. K. Cheyne, Jewish Reh'jious Lije after the Exile ('JUL'), 1898 <cf. 'introduction to the Boob of Isaiah, p. xxxiii ff.) ; P. H. Hunter, After the Exile: a Hundred Years of Jewish History and Literature, 1890: see also E. Sellin, Sembhabel (an attempted reconstruction of the career of Zerubbabel), 1898.
On the Maccabsean Period : — E. Schiirer, Jewish People ir the Titne of Christ, Div. I. vol. i., Eng. tr. bv J. Mocpherson 1890 ; A. W. Streane, Age of the Maccabees, 1898.