(O Works illustrating the History of Israel from the Monu- ments : — E. Schradcr (and other Assyriologisls), Keilinsehift- liche Bibliothek (' KIB,' most important historical inscriptions occur in vol. ii. and vol. iii. 2, 189U, v. 1890 [Tel el-Amarna tablets] : Assyr. text transliterated and accompanied by a Germ. trn.), Keilinschriften u. AT, ed. 2, 1883, Cuneiform Itiscrip' tions and the OT, En^. tr. by Owen 0. Whitehouse ; H. Winckler, Keilinschriftliches Texthujch turn AT (a selection from the inscriptions of those passages which illustrate pus* sages of the OT), 1892, ATliche Untersuchungen (discussions of OT passages mainly in the light of Inscriiitions), 1892 ; A. H. Sayce (editor), UP, 2nd aer. 1894 (translations of Assyrian and Babylonian Inscriptions and of early Kgyiitian documentj^), Hi'jher Criticism and the Verdict of'the Monuments (\WM); J. F. .McCurdv, History, Prophecy, and the Monuments, 1894-9tl ; W. St. C. Bosc'awen, The Bible and the Sloiuam-nts.lS'M; Hogarth, Arehivoto'iy ami Authority, 1899 (OT p;irt by S. It. Driver).
{D) Historical Geography : — G. A. Stuith, IIGIIL ; Townsend MacCoun, The Holy Land in Geography and Huitary, New York, 1893 (excellent view-like maps).
{K) ArchEBOIogy : — W. Nowack, Heb. Archnologie, 1894 ; J. Beiizinger, Heb, Arciidoloqie, 1894 ; the Publications of the I'EE, particularly F. J. Bliss, Excavations at Jerusal^fm, 1898 ; Flinders Petrie, i'ell-el-Uesy {Lachish) ; F. Buhl, Geschidtte der Edoiniter, ls9:i.
(/•') Literary Histories :— Valuable hints are scattered through- out I^river, LOT; Robertson Smith, tjTJC and Prophets of Israel; E. Kautzsch, Outline of the History of the Literature of the OT, Eng. tr. by J. Taylor, 1898.
{(t) Histories of Religion : — A. Kuenen, Religion of Israel to the Pall of the Jewish 6(a(e, Eng. tr. by A. H. May, 1874, ls7f> ; A. Duff, OT Theology, 1891 ; J. Robertson, Early lieligion of Israel, 1892; H. Schultz, ATliche Theologie, Aud. U., 189.5, do. Eng. tr. of ed. 4, 1894; R. Sniend, ATliche Reliqimis- geschichte, 1893; A. Dillmann, Handbuch der ATiichen Theol., Hrsg. V. R. Kittel, 1805. A work on this subject is expected from Prof. A. B. Davidson.
(i/) Chronology. Add to the list given under Ciironolooy OF Old Test. vol. i. p. 403: — 0. Niebuhr, Chronologic der Gescliichte Israels, jEgyptens, Bahyloniens, und Assyriens con B.o. 2000-700. W. EMERY BARNES.
ISRAEL, KINGDOM OF.— The tribes that had settled in the south of Pal. were from the first cut ofi'from the northern tribes by a line of Canaanitish cities, Harhiies, Gezer, Aijalon, and Shaalbim (Jg l^s") ; and during the period of the judges, while there was a growing tendency among the northern tribes to coalesce under pressure ol invasion, the southern tribes remained distinct. Saul never seems to have gained a paramount inUuence over these mountaineers of the S., who in large numbers espoused the cause of David. Though the latter, by choosing as his capital Jerus., which lay on the boraer-land between Benjamin and Judah, and other acts of diplomacj-, succeeded in uniting for a time the northern anj southern tribes, the union seems never to have been very complete, and once at least the jealousy between them nearly broke out into civil war (2 S 19"-2CF). Solomon's policy was specially cal- culated to exasperate the northern tribes. While they were hea\'ily taxed, and had forced labour imposed upon them, his owti tribe seems to have been entirely exempt (1 K 4'-'» 5"-'*). The re- bellion led \>\ Jerolio;un which was suppressed by Solomon, broke out in more formidable propor- tions under Rehoboam, who continued with even greater severity the oppressive policy of his father.
Theseparation, encouraged by the proi)hetAhijah, who objected to Solomon's idolatrous practice) (I K 11-^"*'), took place without serious opposition, and Jeroboam became the first king of Israel (12™). His aim was to counteract the centralizing effect
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ISRAEL, KINGDOM OF
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of the great temple at Jems, by setting up a more popular ritual at two of the many already existinglocal shrines, Bethel and Dan (12-'''), where from tliis time J" was worshiiiped under the Bymbol of a golden calf, probably as the God of agriculture. This cult may be regarded as a reaction from that more spiritual mode of worship which, under prophetic iiilluence, had been estab- lished at Jerusalem. The view of the editor of the Book of Kin''s, that Jeroboam's act wa-s a schismatic separation from the worship of the onl5- legal sanctuary, is the rellexion of a post-Dcut. age.
The hostility between North and South continued intermittently until the political and commercial alliance between Ahab and Jchoshaphat. While the invasions of Shi.sbak {1 K N''") and Zerah (2 Ch 14") weakened the power of Judah, Israel was already being hampered by the growing power of the Syrians of Damascus (1 K 20**). Ahab, whose father Omri was the founder of the dynasty, married Jezebel, daughter of Kthbaal, king of the Ziiionians (1 K IG''"-), and she introduced the worship of the Tyrian Baal and Ashtaroth, with its cruel and immoral rites. In this she was opposed witli varying success by the prophets Elijah and Klisha (1 K 1811'.), through whose milu- ence the dynasty was eventually overthrown by Jehu, and the cult exterminated by him (2 K 9. 10).
During this period theiSyrians of Damascus began to take a prominent part in the history of Israel. Were the scanty records of OT our only source of information, we should have supposed the relation between Israel and Sj'ria to have been that of