It has been supposed by some that v." showi that the writer wished to identify himself with the disciple referred to in Jn 21** ( I'tteiderer). But there is nothing to support this. Ewald (Joh. Schri/tcn, p. 505) was of o))iiiion that of a number of letters written by John to individuals or par- ticular Churches, only 2 and 3 Jn have survived) that both these Epp. were meant for the same Church ; and that the Third was written lest the .Second should have been prevented by Diotre])hi;8 from getting into the hands for which it was intended. Ililgenfeld has a curious tlieory of 3 Jn as a letter of introduction intended to a.ssert the rights of the Churcli of John against the exclusiveness of the rigorous Jewish-Christian party in the matter of letters of commendation. Baur's tlieory is still more curious and tine-spun. He thought that a schism had been caused in the Church to whicli Gains be- longed by the Montanist movement ; that the ex- clusive party was lieaded by Diotreplies ; and that this Ep. was written under John's name against the Roman episcopate — the lioman bisliop, Soter, or Anicetus, or Eleuthenis, being aimed at under the pseudonym Diotreplies.
5. Peculiar Interest. — The great interest of this Ep. lies in the insight which it gives us into the ordin.ary life of the Christian communities of those early times and this wide Asiatic territory, which had enjoyed the oversiglit of the last of the apostles. It helps us to see what these Churches were, not as we idealize them, but in their actual everyday condition, with their excellences and defects, their noble and their ignoble figures, their meek and their ambitious members, the errors into which they might he betrayed, their varied, mixed, and stirring life. It shows us something, too, of their independence, of the kind of ministry that was in exercise among them, and their relation to it, of their order also and administration. On these latter subjects it has so much to suggest that it seems to mark a notable stage in the growtli of the Church and the history of its organization. It discloses a condition of tilings like that with which the Didachi has made us familiar. It places us at the point of transition from the apostolic age to the post-apoalolic, from the primitive simplicity to a more developed constitution. Harnack tliinks we can see in it the struggle between the old patri- archal, provincial order of things, with its ministry of travelling missionary preachers, and the rise ot the settled, organized Church, ^vith its otlieials, its rights, and its administration. He finds in it nothing less than the emergence of the Episcopate proper, and recognizes in Diotrephes the first bishop of the monarchical type known to us by name.
LiTBRATuas. — Among the Commentaries and the booki ot Introduction, those given for the Second Ep. ; also Ileiimann, Comm. in Joan. Kp. III. ; Stemler, de Diutrephe ; Gachon, Authenticity de la 2ff et 3e Ep. de Jtan ; S. Cox, The Private Letters of St. Paul and St. John ; and especially Harnack, Ueber den dritten Johannesbri^ {Texte u. Unters. zur Gesch,
der aitchr. Literatur, xv. 3).
S. D. F. Salmond.
JOIADA (vyy, 'louSi, 'ladd, 'luaSd, 'laS<U).—±, One of the two who repaired the 'old gate' (Neh 3'). 2. High priest, son of Eliashib (Neh I'i'"- "• ^). He seems to have sympathized with his father's gentilizing policy, since one of his sons married the daughter of Sanballat the Horonite, and so 'defiled the priesthood' (Neh 13^'-).
N. J. D. White.
JOIAKIM (Dv;v), Neh 12"'- "• ^ ; Joakim CluaKdp.), 1 Es 5°, where see QPB. — A high priest, son oi Jeshna.
JOIARIB {2lti; 'Apel^, 'lapeip, 'lutapI/S, "Iwapelfi). — 1. E/.r 8", one of the two teachers sent by Ezra to Iddo to ask for ministers for the temple. 2. Neh 11°, ancestor of Maaseiah a Judahite, one oi
JOKDEAM
JOKTAX
743
' the chiefs of the province that dwelt in Jeru- salem ' in Nehemiah 8 time. See also Jeiioiakib.
JOKDEAM (Dvip;).— A city of Judah, Jos 15« whose site has not been identified. See Jorkeaii.
JOKIM {D-y, 'luaKtW, 1 Ch 4», a Judahite, son or descendant of Shelah.
JOKMEAM (ov?p; ; B 'I/codM, A 'Jfit^adr).—A town in Ephraim given to the Levites, near Beth-horon, 1 Ch 6«» [Heb. "]. In Jos 21^ it is called Kib- zaira (LXX omits). No site answering to either of these names is known. Jokmeam is mentioned also in 1 K 4", where AV has incorrectly Jokneam (but see next art.). C. K. CONDBK.
JOKNEAM (DVjip;, perh. ' let the people possess ' [see Gray, Heb. Prop. Names, 218]). — A royal city of the Canaanites, on Carmel and the S.W. border of Zebolun, with a 'torrent-valley' (apparently the gorge of the Kishon, which is dry in parts in summer) to the east, Jos 12*" 19". It was given to the Levites, according to Jos 21**, where it is enumerated as belon^'ing to Zebulun. It is possibly the same a» Jokweam of 1 K 4" (B AoMd/i, Luc. OuKifi,), which is mentioned as on the border of one of Solomon's commissariat districts, probably at the boundary between Issachar and Zebulun. Tlie site is found at the present Tell ^eirnUn, on the E. slope of Carmel, ne;ir the Kishon — a conspicuous mound with ruins of a small town. In the 4th cent. A.D. {Unom. s. Camon) it was known as lying 6 Roman miles N. of Legio (Lejjun), on the way to Ptoleniais (Akka), and in the 12th cent. A.D. it was culled Cain Mons or ' Mt. Cain,' from a legend which made it the place where Cain died. It be- came the centre of a small independent Seigneurie. The ruins include those of a Byzantine building, apparently a chapel. In the Samaritan Book of Joshua it is noticed as the scene of a contlict be- tween the Hebrews and the giants, and Joshua is said to have been here shut up in magic walls of brass, till, on sending a dove to Nabih the Hebrew king of Gilead, he was rescued.