^44
JOKTHEEL
JONAH
We learn from Ezk 27'" that Uzal was famous in connexion with the spice trade ; and it is probable that, were more of the old Hebrew literature pre- served, we should be able in each case to name the sc<les glusste. The discoicry, therefore, of jilaces with identical names in the Arabian peninsula is not sutiicient to identify the localities of the table, unless it be shown that the places discovered were of sutiicient importance to nave been heard of by the Israelites. Glaser's suegestion (I.e.), that the table proceeds geographically from S. to N., seems inconsistent with the mention of Saba near the end ; for surely Saba should count as a southern or, at any rate, midland slate. We cannot even be sure that all the names which occur in it are con- nected with Arabia ; the Targ. on Chron. hints that the juxtaposition of Saba, Ophir, and Havilah is due to all three being connected with tlie gold in- dustry (cf. Is GO"), and this fact woula to an ancient ethnologist have constituted a claim to allinity independently of local considerations. The more [irobable suggestions that have been made for the ulentilication of the names that occur only in this passage are quoted in the separate articles.
D. S. Maroououih.
JOKTHEEL (Sxrip;). — This name occurs twice in UT as applied to two very different places : one a city or town of the Amorites, the other the capital of Edom. 1. A city described (Jos 15**-**, B 'laKape-qX, A and Luc. 'lexda-qX) as lying in ' the Shephelali,' along witli some others, from which we gather that it was situated on the extensive plain bordering Philistia, bounded on the E. by the tableland of southern Jud.va, and on the W. by the Mediter- ranean. In the general allotment by Joshua it came into possession of the tribe of Judah. Its site has not been recovered. 2. The name (which Wetzstein, in Del. Jes.' 703 f., explains from the Arab., 'protection of God') given (2 K 14', B and Luc. Ka9<n)X, A 'UK0ori\) to Sela, the ancient capital of the Edomites, after its capture by Amaziah king of Judah (see Sela). It may have been bestowed by Amaziah in recognition of the aid afforded by J" in the capture of a city of such amazing strength as Sela, and the overthrow of the Edomites in the Valley of Salt. The latter was at the southern end of the Dead Sea, and thus within the territory of the kings of Judah. The name ' Joktheel ' did not take permanent hold on the place, because the Edomites in the reign of Ahaz regained their sovereignty (2 Ch 28"), and doubtless restored to their capital its original name of Sela.
E. Hull.
JOLLITY — 1 Es S*" ' It [wine] tumeth also every thought into jollity {evuxla) and mirth ' ; and Sir 13* ' Beware that thou be not deceived, and brought down in thy jollity' {iv eitppoauvn aov; AVm ' by thy simplicity ' ; RV 'in thy mirth'). The meaning is ' mirth, which is the commonest meaning of the word. Thus Shaks., Mid. Night's Dream, v. i. 377 —
• A fortnight hold we this solemnity. In nightly revels and new JoUity * ;
And Milton, PL xi. 714—
' And all was turned to Jollity and game.* So Latimer, Sermons (Arber's ed. p. 58), ' Joab and the other company beynge in tlieyr jolitye, and kepyng good cheare, heard it.' But in a subsequent sermon (p. 113) Latimer has it with the sense of splendour, ' He shewed him al the kyngdomes of the worlde, and all theyr jolitye.' Cf. Jth 10" Wye. 1382, ' she clothide hir \vith the clothis of hir iolite,' 1388 'gladnesse.' The adj. 'jolly' is used by Tind., Ex 15* ' His jolye captaynes are drowned in the red see ' ; and by Coverdale, Job 40'° ' up, decke the in thy joly araye, poure out the indig- nation of thy wrath/ J. Hastings.
JONADAB.— See Jehonadab. JONAH.—
1. Joii;ili and 2 K 14«>. ii. Jntiuli and Is V.tt. Ui. Juiuih artd the Hook of Jonah.
1. Contents of the book.
*J. I'nity of the book.
3. Kt-lalion between the person and the book of Jonah
4. Komial character of the book — A tyinbol. narrative.
6. Date of the book.
d. The principal other interpretations of the book. The extcrno-hu-torirai and the Ugeiuiary interprfr tations ch.irftctcrize<i and examined.
7. The idea of the book — Universalism of Ood's plan o4
salvation, and Israel's mission to the goyim. Iv. Other occurrences of the name Jouab. Literature.
i. Jonah and 2 K 14*'.— The name niv ('Iui/5t) is found in the canon. OT only in 2K 14^ and Jon l'-4" (cf. Mandelkem, Vet. Test. Concord. Heb. et C/uild. 1896, p. 1438*). In the former of these passages, where it is used of ' the servant of God, Jonah the son of Amittai, the prophet, which was of Gath- hepher,' the expression 'through his servant' ("?l!"i:5) is nothing remarkable, occurring as it does also in 1 K (8*=) 14'» IS'^, 2 K O*" 10'" in the same sense as in 2 K 14". The name Amittai (•jitN) is found nowhere in OT except in 2 K 14^ and Jon 1' (Mandelkem, loc. cit. p. 13G7''). Uence all we know of the father of the prophet Jonah is this at most, that he was an inhabitant of the place called irnn n3( = ' press of IJepher,' proi)er names having elsewhere also for certain reasons the article attached to them [cf. Konig, Histor.-com- parat. Si/ntax d. Hcb. 1897, § 295]). It is the same place that is meant by ijn npa in Jos 19'^, where the context shows that we have the so-called locative form ('to Gath-hepher,' LXX f'lri, k.t.\.). There are other instances where the locative, like Gittdh, is accented on the last syllable (cf. Shtil- ishah, etc., in 2 K 4" etc. ). * This accentuation may be determined by the immediately following gut- tural (cf. Lehrgeb. ii. 517). The ij.i without the article in Jos 19'" may have arisen through haplo- graphy of the n, or -i^nn (2 K 14") and 1=0 (Jos 19'") may be related to each other as pj^n and tiyj_, etc. (Kbnig, Sijntax, § 295«/). Hence we are neither to find the place-name 'Gath-hepher' in 2 K 14^' (G. A. Smith, Twelve Prophets, ii. 496) nor the place-name ' Gittah-hepher' in Jos 19'" (ii. note 1). The place Gath {ha)hepher lay in the territory as- signed to the tribe of Zebulun, Jos IQ'"- '".